January 2013 - MARMAM - devlists.uvic.ca

new publication on cetaceans in the Galapagos Marine Reserve
by Judith Denkinger PhD 10 Jan '13

10 Jan '13

Dear MARMAM community, apologies for cross posting. We are pleased to anounce a new publication on demography and abundance of cetaceans in the Galapagos Marine Reserve in the first edition Science and Conservation in the Galapagos Islands (S Walsh and Carlos Mena eds) of the Springer Book series: Social and Ecological Interactions in the Galapagos Islands. >From whaling to whale watching: Cetacean presence and species diversity in the Galapagos Marine Reserve Judith Denkinger; Javier Oña; Daniela Alarcón, Godfrey Merlen, Sandy Salazar and Daniel Palacios you can access the chapter online at: http://books.google.com.ec/books?id=JgJsg-yuRG8C&pg=PA217&dq=Denkinger+from… enjoy Judith ________________________________ [http://profesores.usfq.edu.ec/owa/logo.gif] Judith Denkinger PhD, Profesora Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales Universidad San Francisco de Quito T: (+593) 2 297-1700 ext. 1153 Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito, Ecuador http://www.usfq.edu.ec Nota de descargo: La información contenida en éste e-mail es confidencial y sólo puede ser utilizada por el individuo o la institución a la cual está dirigido. Esta información no debe ser distribuida ni copiada total o parcialmente por ningún medio sin la autorización de la USFQ. La institución no asume responsabilidad sobre información, opiniones o criterios contenidos en este mail que no estén relacionados con asuntos oficiales de nuestra institución. Disclaimer: The information in this e-mail is confidential and intended only for the use of the person or institution to which it is addressed. This information is considered provisional and referential; it cannot be totally or partially distributed nor copied by any media without authorization from USFQ. The institution does not assume responsibility about the information, opinions or criteria in this e-mail.

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Research Scientist position with Marine Conservation Research to join the Song of the Whale team
by Anna Cucknell 10 Jan '13

10 Jan '13

Research Scientist position with Marine Conservation Research to join the Song of the Whale team (1 year fixed term contract) Marine Conservation Research is seeking an enthusiastic and well qualified scientist (higher degree required) to join the Song of the Whale research team. The team conduct research and outreach activities addressing animal welfare and conservation issues related to marine mammals and their habitats. The post holder will form part of a team and participate in projects associated with the International Fund for Animal Welfare's dedicated marine research vessel Song of the Whale, as well as working on desk based studies in MCR's Essex (UK) office. A broad knowledge of and several years experience in cetacean research techniques, especially passive acoustics is required, ideally both field data collection and data analysis. For further information about the post, the SOTW team and previous projects please see www.marineconservationresearch.co.uk. Closing date for applications is 15th February 2013.

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Sightings and Strandings Officer Internship with HWDT
by Olivia Harries 10 Jan '13

10 Jan '13

HWDT Sightings and Strandings Officer Internship The Hebridean Whale and Dolphin Trust (HWDT) is looking for an intern to join its small team in Tobermory, on the Isle of Mull, for a period of 2-4 months to undertake a variety of research and education orientated tasks. HWDT are keen to update their photo identification catalogues, improve the information displayed on our website and enhance relationships with local wildlife tour operators and sighting and stranding reporters. This is a great opportunity for someone to develop their skills further and improve the HWDT monitoring and outreach programme. Time onboard HWDT's research vessel Silurian will also be available, acting as a field assistant to the Science Officer, depending on the success of the tasks detailed below: Community sightings/strandings and Photo-ID· Assist with image matching and strandings ID· Update databases with recent sightings and strandings· Update website with recent sightings/strandings on each individual profile (http://www.whaledolphintrust.co.uk/research-photo-identification-gallery.as…) · Keep regular contact with sighting and stranding reporters. Wildlife Operator Relations· Initiate a scheme that was developed in 2012, encouraging more cooperation and involvement from local wildlife tour operators · Provide resources to wildlife operators· Meet with wildlife operators to discuss recent research findings and initiate good communications for the season ahead Recruitment dates The placement is full-time for two - four months (minimum 30 hours per week), starting in May and finishing in August. Preference will be given to those who apply for four months. Candidate RequirementsEssential:An ability to work in a conscientious and reliable mannerEnthusiastic, hard-working and self-motivatedA strong commitment to volunteer workExcellent verbal and communication skills (engaging with the public is central to the role)Basic IT skills (Office package)An ability to get on well with others in a small team. Desirable:A background in marine biology/environmental science or similarPrevious experience with Photo-ID analysis A strong interest and knowledge of British cetaceansPrior experience in boat-based survey workExperience in interacting with the public All volunteers will be given an introduction into the placement on arriving. Full training will also be provided for all other tasks that you will be expected to undertake. The selected candidate will be sent a pack of introductory materials and provided with a recommended reading list. Expenses The successful candidate will have the opportunity to gain income through working in HWDT's Shop and Visitor Centre on the Main Street in Tobermory. A wage will be provided for days worked in the centre. Volunteers will be based in Tobermory on the Isle of Mull and are responsible for their own travel, accommodation and living expenses. How to Apply Please send your C.V., a covering letter detailing any relevant experience, specifying the dates you would like to join and contact information of two referees, to:Morven Summers HWDTClydesdale Bank Buildings, Main Street, Tobermory Isle of Mull PA75 6NU Tel: +44 (0)1688 302620Email: volunteercoordinator(a)hwdt.org The closing date is 15th February. Shortlisted candidates will be required to undertake a Skype interview with the HWDT team sometime in late February/early March.

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New Paper: Spatial and Social Sexual Segregation of bottlenose dolphins in an estuary
by Christine Fury 09 Jan '13

09 Jan '13

Dear Colleagues, We are pleased to announce the new publication on sexual segregation of dolphins in estuaries using GIS data. The paper can be freely accessed on PLoS ONE using the follow link http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0052987 Citation: Fury CA, Ruckstuhl KE, Harrison PL (2013) Spatial and Social Sexual Segregation Patterns in Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops aduncus). PLoS ONE 8(1): e52987. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052987. Abstract Sexual segregation seems to be common in bottlenose dolphins, whereby males and females live in different pods that mix mainly for mating. Male dolphins often use aggressive behaviour to mate with females, while females with calves may have different activity and dietary requirements to males and different susceptibility to predation. We investigated the degree of spatial and social sexual segregation in Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in a subtropical estuary in Australia. Based on surveys completed over three years, dolphin groups were mostly mixed-sex or female. Mixed-sex groups were found in larger groups in mostly deeper water, whereas, female groups were foraging across all water depths in smaller groups. Aggressive coercive behaviour by males towards females was high, occurring mainly in deeper water, at higher tides, and outside the breeding season. Habitat use by female dolphin groups suggests that shallow tributaries may provide a sanctuary from aggressive males, access to suitable prey items and density for mothers and their calves, or a combination of these factors. Enjoy. Christine Fury PhD Ecologist Kingston, Hobart, TASMANIA 7050 Webpage: http://independent.academia.edu/CFury/About

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Volunteers Needed in the Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand
by Katie H 09 Jan '13

09 Jan '13

Volunteers Needed in the Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand Wanted: Volunteers for March, April and May 2013 Enthusiastic and reliable volunteers are required to assist me in the field as I continue my study on marine mammal use of Admiralty Bay, Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand. This project is being conducted through the Cawthron Institute of Nelson, New Zealand. This would benefit anyone who wants experience in working with small boats, theodolites, photo-ID work and marine mammal observation. Ideally however, the volunteers will have had some experience in some of these areas already in addition to a background in marine biology. Duties will include assistance in the field for data collection, data entry/processing and logistical support, in addition to sharing of cooking and cleaning duties. The coming field season is 13 weeks from approximately 4th March – 2nd June and I currently require either 2 volunteers who can commit to the whole time (preferable), or a series of volunteers to cover this timeframe. Preference will be given to those who can commit to longer periods. For more information on the Admiralty Bay/French Pass area go to http://www.frenchpass.com/. Provided: Food and board in Admiralty Bay, Marlborough Sounds will be provided in exchange for your assistance. Please note that this is volunteer work and you will not be paid, but you will gain valuable work experience in the above areas. What you need to provide: Your own transport at least as far as Nelson, Picton or Blenheim, New Zealand. Your own clothes and field gear e.g. wet-weather gear, warm clothing, sturdy shoes. Reliable assistance and a positive attitude while enduring long hours in the field. Essential Skills: Volunteers must- -Be able to commit to a minimum period of 4 weeks on the project -Work well with others -Be able to live in close quarters with others in a small, isolated community -Be enthusiastic, hard-working, motivated and willing to work and learn -Be committed to working long hours for several days in a row -Be physically fit and able to work in outdoor conditions -Possess fluent English language skills -Be safety conscious -Be a non-smoker What’s involved: This project involves data collection both by boat and theodolite work. Boat trips will only be day-trips (not overnight) on a 4.5m rigid hull inflatable boat and involve working along transect lines recording the locations of any observed marine mammal groups, taking photographs for identification of individual dolphins and limited behaviour work. Theodolite data will be recorded from a hilltop near the shoreline, and will require spending the day on an exposed cliff top scanning the bay with binoculars for dolphin groups and recording data with the theodolite and laptop computer. Applications For more information on the project or to apply, please contact Katie Halliday via email at khal250(a)aucklanduni.ac.nz In your application you must include a current CV with relevant experience stating whether you have experience in marine mammal observation and boat and/or theodolite work and details of your availability during the above time period. Thank you for your interest.

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World Whale Conference Summary Report now available
by Dylan Walker 08 Jan '13

08 Jan '13

Dear Marmamers, We are pleased to announce that a full report on the recent World Whale Conference (25-26 October 2012) is now available. The conference was attended by delegates representing the NGO sector, whale watching industry, private enterprise, and the general public from across Europe, USA, Canada, New Zealand, Japan, and beyond. The World Whale Conference met to discuss and agree the development of a new global partnership of stakeholders working with and for whales and dolphins. It aims to empower the widest possible community in actively bringing about change that will benefit cetaceans and their habitats worldwide. Delegates gathered to discuss two questions: 1. How can we achieve more to protect whales & dolphins by working together? 2. Could a focus on the places where whales most need our help (Areas of Concern) be the catalyst? Discussions focused on the development of a free collaborative mapping tool available to everybody online. This tool will enable stakeholders from around the world to identify their ‘Areas of Concern’ for cetaceans. These 'Areas' would then be linked to communities willing to work in partnership to solve the issues affecting cetaceans in those locations. The conference delegates agreed to continue to develop the concept of the mapping outreach tool, and identified three location-based issues to focus upon as an urgent priority in the 12 months leading to the Second World Whale Conference. For a full summary of the conference please follow this link. http://www.savethewhalesreloaded.org/?page_id=347 For further information please contact dylan(a)planetwhale.com Regards *Dylan Walker * co-founder Planet Whale & WhaleFest www.planetwhale.com www.whale-fest.com mob/cell: +44 (0)7900 471490 <%2B44%20%280%297775%20871953> office: +44 (0)1273 355011 skype: planet.whale *together we are the global voice for whales and dolphins*

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New publication on dental wear in dolphins
by Carolina Loch 08 Jan '13

08 Jan '13

Dear MARMAM subscribers: We are pleased to announce the publication of the following paper in Archives of Oral Biology: Dental wear in dolphins (Cetacea: Delphinidae) from southern Brazil Carolina Loch and Paulo C. Simões-Lopes doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.08.002 Volume 58, Issue 2, February 2013, Pages 134–141 Abstract(1) Dental wear is a common phenomenon in mammals. Its occurrence is influenced by tooth anatomy, animal physiology, biomechanics and behaviour. So far, investigations of dental wear in cetaceans have been scanty and superficial. We compare the frequencies of occurrence, location and intensity of dental wear in some species of dolphins from southern Brazil, South Atlantic Ocean. (2) Teeth of ten species were evaluated using a stereoscopic microscope to identify wear facets, which were classified according to location, anatomical position and wear intensity. (3) Frequencies of dental wear were high for all species with exception of Delphinus capensis, with less than 50% of teeth worn. Simultaneous wear facets in the apex and lateral of teeth were more common than facets restricted to the apex or lateral faces. Wear on the dental crown was more common, but some species showed less frequent wear down to the cingulum or root level. Superficial wear seems to be the general trend for dolphins, but Stenella coeruleoalba and Pseudorca crassidens showed a higher frequency of severe wear. Only for Tursiops truncatus the frequencies of wear were significantly different between males and females. When considering the ontogeny of dental wear, only for T. truncatus and Stenella frontalis indexes of dental wear were correlated with body length. (4) Whether dental wear has implications or not in fitness and feeding behaviour, severely worn teeth may expose the pulp cavity and increase the susceptibility to local infections.KeywordsDental crown; Marine mammals; Occlusion; Ontogeny; Wear intensity; Teeth Full text is available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.08.002 Or alternatively, a pdf can be requested at: carolinaloch(a)yahoo.com.br Best regards, MSc. Carolina Loch Silva PhD Candidate Geology Department, University of Otago Dunedin 9054, New Zealand http://www.otago.ac.nz/geology/people/students/loch/index.html & Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos UFSCFlorianópolis, SC - Brasil

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JOB OPPORTUNITY- INTERNATIONAL DIRECTOR OF POLICY FOR WHALE AND DOLPHIN CONSERVATION
by Regina Asmutis-Silvia 08 Jan '13

08 Jan '13

Director of Policy WDC, Whale and Dolphin Conservation is the leading global charity dedicated to the conservation and protection of whales and dolphins. We defend these remarkable creatures against the many threats they face through campaigns, lobbying, advising governments, conservation projects, field research and rescue. Our vision is a world where every whale and dolphin is safe and free. We are seeking to recruit into a new role of Director of Policy. Managing a team based across the globe, including the to-be-appointed European Policy Director, the role is responsible for representing WDC, acting as a spokesman on our behalf and ensuring the co-ordinated representation of WDC to all relevant bodies. Key Responsibilities include: * Strategic development of consistent campaigns, policy, communications and advocacy within WDC * Leadership and line management of international policy staff * Manage the dynamic policy planning process * Work with Marketing and Fundraising to assist in securing funds for programmes and campaigns * Create and facilitate high-level partnerships with government officials, NGOs, private and commercial organisations to promote WDC's objects The successful candidate will have proven experience of leadership in advocacy, policy, strategy development, communication and campaign implementation. You will have excellent communication and interpersonal skills and be able to provide vision and direction. You will have experience of working in a dynamic, multi-cultural organisation and a general knowledge of the workings of international conventions. Salary and benefits by negotiation Location: flexible How to Apply: please email hr(a)whales.org<mailto:hr@whales.org> with the subject Director of Policy for an application pack. No agencies or CV - thank you. Closing date: 23rd January 2013 12noon GMT [WDC - Whale and Dolphin Conservation]<http://www.whales.org/> Regina Asmutis-Silvia Executive Director, NA Telephone: +1 508 746 2522 Mobile: +1 508 451 3853 Skype: wdcs.na WDC, Whale and Dolphin Conservation 7 Nelson Street Plymouth MA 02360-4044 United States whales.org<http://whales.org> [WDC on Facebook]<http://www.facebook.com/whales.org> [WDC on Twitter] <http://www.twitter.com/WHALES_org> [WDC on YouTube] <http://www.youtube.com/wdcsuk> [WDC Blogs] <http://www.whales.org/wdcsblog.php> [WDC E-Newsletter] <http://www.whales.org/newsletter> [http://www.wdcs.co.uk/media/images/EmailSignatureImages/Campaigns/WDCSchang…]<http://www.whales.org/wdc.php> ________________________________ Whale and Dolphin Conservation ("WDC"), Inc. is an IRS recognized 501(c)3 non-profit organization. Your contributions are tax deductible to the fullest extent of the law. WDC, 7 Nelson Street, Plymouth, MA 02360-4044 Tel: +1 (508) 746-2522 This email and any files transmitted with it are confidential and intended solely for the use of the individual or entity to whom they are addressed. If you have received this email in error please notify the system manager. Please note that any views or opinions presented in this email are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the company. Finally, the recipient should check this email and any attachments for the presence of viruses. The company accepts no liability for any damage caused by any virus transmitted by this email. ________________________________

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Dolphin Research Internships
by Emily Guarino 07 Jan '13

07 Jan '13

Dolphin Research Internships Dolphin Research Center (DRC) is currently accepting applications for Research Interns for the Summer term. DRC is a not-for-profit education and research facility, home to a family of Atlantic bottlenose dolphins and California sea lions. DRC is located on Grassy Key, in the heart of the Florida Keys. Internships at DRC are an exciting way to develop career skills as well as an opportunity to get "behind the scenes" to see how a marine mammal facility operates. Research interns participate in DRC's ongoing behavioral and cognitive research projects, giving them broad exposure to a variety of research methodologies. Interns receive extensive on-the-job training in observing marine mammal behavior, collecting observational data, working with research equipment, and assisting with experimental research sessions. Specific job duties include: * Collecting observational behavioral data * Preparing stimuli for cognitive research sessions * Assisting in setting up and tearing down equipment for cognitive research sessions * Operating video equipment * Entering or scanning data into the computer for analysis * General support of the facility through participation in the volunteer resource pool (facility maintenance, bird care, assisting with public programs, guest interactions, etc.) Publications: Jaakkola, K., Guarino, E., & Rodriguez, M. (2010). Blindfolded imitation in a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 23, 671-688. Jaakkola, K., Guarino, E., Rodriguez, M., Erb, L., & Trone, M. (2010). What do dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) understand about hidden objects? Animal Cognition, 13, 103-120. Jaakkola, K., Fellner, W., Erb, L., Rodriguez, A. M., & Guarino, E. (2005). Understanding the concept of numerically "less" by bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of Comparative Psychology. Internships require a minimum of a 16-week commitment, 40 hours per week. The internship is unpaid, and interns are responsible for providing their own housing. DRC will provide assistance in locating housing and/or matching up interns and volunteers desiring roommates. Successful candidates will be ready and willing to learn, self-motivated, and flexible. Prior research experience is recommended but not required. The deadline to apply is *** February 1st***. To apply, you must download the application available at www.dolphins.org. Click "Research", and then "Internship Information". The application, and all associated materials (resume, transcript, and letters of rec.) must be mailed to DRC.

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PhD studentship opportunity: pinniped behaviour
by TWISS S.D. 07 Jan '13

07 Jan '13

Dear All, below are details of a competitive PhD studentship opportunity for research on grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) behaviour. Project title: Personality and plasticity: individual variation in coping with natural and anthropogenic stress. Supervisors: Dr. Sean Twiss (Durham University), Dr. Patrick Pomeroy (SMRU, University of St. Andrews). Project outline: Consistent individual differences (CIDs) in behaviour, indicative of personalities, have been shown in taxa ranging from Cnidaria to Mammalia (1). Although, CIDs constrain individuals’ behavioural plasticity, they do not preclude it, and individuals often vary in the degree of behavioural plasticity they show (2). This is a key characteristic of the proactive–reactive personality axis, where proactive individuals form routines readily and express little behavioural flexibility compared to reactive individuals, in which behaviour patterns are more flexible, making them more responsive to environmental stimuli (2). However, few studies have integrated examination of individual behavioural consistency (a key element of personality) and plasticity, particularly in the wild (3-5), although the two are inextricably linked. Furthermore, individual variation in behavioural plasticity is likely related to rates of habituation or sensitisation to stimuli. Given that reactive individuals are those that express behavioural flexibility(1), one might expect reactive individuals to habituate more rapidly and the few studies that examine both personality and habituation suggest that proactive individuals take longer to habituate to repeated stimuli(6). Links between personality, plasticity and habituation are important to establish, as they constitute the framework in which individuals cope with disturbances and changes to their environment. Our studies of wild female grey seals have revealed a continuum of behavioural types from proactives, who maintain similar maternal behaviour patterns irrespective of levels of local disturbance, to reactive females, who alter behaviour in response to disturbances(7). This studentship will build on these studies of personality in grey seals by determining whether reactive individuals are able to habituate more rapidly, and consequently exhibit reduced behavioural and physiological indicators of stress(4). The study will examine these interactions in natural contexts, where disturbance is due to conspecifics, and in contexts where individuals are exposed to anthropogenic disturbance. Field based observations and experiments will be used to establish behavioural types and patterns of habituation of individually identified grey seals at UK breeding colonies differing in the level and nature of disturbance. The study will test whether the pro-reactive axis correlates with patterns of habituation. In addition, behavioural and physiological proxies of metabolic rates and stress will be examined in relation to; (a) the nature of disturbances and (b) behavioural type, in particular, individual differences in rates of habituation. References:1. Dall SRX et al. 2004.. Ecol. Lett. 7:734–739. 2. Koolhaas JM et al. 2010.. Front. Neuroen. 31:307–321. 3. Dingemanse NJ et al. 2010. TREE 25:81–89. 4. Coppens CM et al. 2010.. Phil. Trans. R.Soc. B 365:4021-4028. 5. Betini GS, Norris DR. 2012. Anim Behav 83:137-143. 6. Carere C et al. 2004. Anim. Behav. 70:795–805. 7. Twiss SD et al. 2012. PLoS ONE (16 Nov). 8. Kentaro QS 2009 . PLoS ONE 4(4):e5379. 9. Halsey LG et al. 2011.. PLoS ONE 6(8): e22311. Potential candidates must fulfil the University’s requirements regarding English language ability and will require (i) a clear understanding of behavioural ecology theory and practice and (ii) the ability to conduct prolonged and isolated fieldwork in harsh conditions, and would ideally have experience of (i) behavioural observation of wild pinnipeds, and (iii) ecological modelling approaches. Candidates should also hold a UK driving licence (or equivalent). For additional application requirements information see: <https://www.dur.ac.uk/biosciences/postgrad/faqs/#faq296>https://www.dur.ac.uk/biosciences/postgrad/faqs/#faq296 NOTE: This project is in competition with others for funding through the Durham Doctoral Scholarship scheme. Success will depend on the quality of applications received, relative to those for competing projects. Informal enquiries about the scientific aspects of the project should be made to Dr Sean Twiss (s.d.twiss(a)durham.ac.uk<mailto:s.d.twiss@durham.ac.uk>). Formal application procedure: If you wish to proceed with a formal application for the potential PhD project on grey seals you should complete the online application procedure. This is necessary to be considered as a candidate in the competition for the funding option for this studentship (Durham Doctoral Scholarship - http://www.dur.ac.uk/science.faculty/postgraduatefunding/#faculty) though please be aware that competition will be extremely intense. Eligibility: Applicants must be applying to start a full-time PhD in the Faculty in October 2013. They must have fulfilled the University’s requirements regarding English language ability and must not require a pre-sessional course as a condition of their place. Application process: Applicants must complete the University's postgraduate online application form and state, in response to the question how they plan to fund their studies, that they wish to considered for a Durham Doctoral Studentship. You can apply via the University’s online application process. http://www.dur.ac.uk/postgraduate/apply/ (Much of the information required in the form is the same as that you have provided in your CV and letter – so a simple copy and paste will suffice for most of it). Ensure that you include my name as supervisor and the project title on the application. Please ensure that you provide: · CV · Two references · Copies of academic certificates and/or transcripts · The completed application form · Evidence of English language ability, e.g. IELTS or TOEFL transcripts · A description of the proposed research project prepared by the candidate (no more than one side of A4) – this can be based on the information provided in the advert. NOTE that this project is in competition with others for Durham Doctoral Scholarship funding. Success will depend on the quality of the applicant, relative to those for competing projects. In coming to decisions on awards the panel will consider the following as positive features of an application: Excellent academic track record Holding of a Masters-level degree Excellent references A high quality research project proposal especially if prepared by the candidate Publications Excellent English language ability For further information on the application procedure please contact the postgraduate secretary: Ashley Graven, Postgraduate Admissions School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences Science Laboratories South Road Durham University DH1 3LE Telephone: +44 (0) 191 334 1200 / +44 (0) 191 334 9167 Fax: +44 (0) 191 334 1201 email: biosci.pgsecretary(a)durham.ac.uk<mailto:biosci.pgsecretary@durham.ac.uk> _________________________________ Dr. Sean Twiss, Lecturer in Behavioural Ecology, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, South Road, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK. E-mail: s.d.twiss(a)durham.ac.uk Web-site: https://www.dur.ac.uk/biosciences/about/schoolstaff/academicstaff/?id=1132 Blog: http://sealbehaviour.wordpress.com/ Tel: +44 (0)191 334 1350 (office) Tel: +44 (0)191 334 1247 (lab) Fax: +44 (0)191 334 1201 _________________________________

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