June 2022 - MARMAM - devlists.uvic.ca

New Publication: Quantifying the response of Blainville's beaked whales to naval sonar in Hawaii
by Eiren Jacobson 13 Jun '22

13 Jun '22

Dear MARMAM community, I am pleased to announce the recent publication of our article "Quantifying the response of Blainville's beaked whales to U.S. naval sonar exercises in Hawaii" in Marine Mammal Science. We used multi-stage GAMs to account for the underlying distribution of beaked whales and the spatial intensity of naval sonar and think that this approach could be useful to others working on undesigned experiments where both animal density and stressor intensity vary spatially. Jacobson, E. K., Henderson, E. E., Miller, D. L., Oedekoven, C. S., Moretti, D. J., & Thomas, L. (2022). Quantifying the response of Blainville's beaked whales to U.S. naval sonar exercises in Hawaii. Marine Mammal Science,1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12944 Abstract: Behavioral responses of beaked whales (family Ziphiidae) to naval use of mid-frequency active sonar (MFAS) have been quantified for some species and regions. We describe the effects of MFAS on the probability of detecting diving groups of Blainville's beaked whales on the U.S. Navy Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF) in Hawaii and compare our results to previously published results for the same species at the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC) in the Bahamas. We use passive acoustic data collected at bottom-mounted hydrophones before and during six naval training exercises at PMRF along with modelled sonar received levels to describe the effect of training and MFAS on foraging groups of Blainville's beaked whales. We use a multistage generalized additive modeling approach to control for the underlying spatial distribution of vocalizations under baseline conditions. At an MFAS received level of 150 dB re 1 μPa rms the probability of detecting groups of Blainville's beaked whales decreases by 77%, 95% CI [67%, 84%] compared to periods when general training activity was ongoing and by 87%, 95% CI [81%, 91%] compared to baseline conditions. Our results indicate a more pronounced response to naval training and MFAS than has been previously reported. Cheers, Eiren, Liz, Dave, Cornelia, Dave, and Len Eiren Kate Jacobson, PhD (she/they) Research Fellow Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews eiren.jacobson(a)st-andrews.ac.uk

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New publication: Deep ocean drivers better explain habitat preferences of sperm whales Physeter macrocephalus than beaked whales in the Bay of Biscay
by Auriane Virgili 13 Jun '22

13 Jun '22

Dear MARMAM community, My co-authors and I are pleased to announce the publication of our article in Scientific Reports: Virgili, A., Teillard, V., Dorémus, G. et al. Deep ocean drivers better explain habitat preferences of sperm whales Physeter macrocephalus than beaked whales in the Bay of Biscay. Sci Rep 12, 9620 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13546-x The article is open-access and available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13546-x Abstract Species Distribution Models are commonly used with surface dynamic environmental variables as proxies for prey distribution to characterise marine top predator habitats. For oceanic species that spend lot of time at depth, surface variables might not be relevant to predict deep-dwelling prey distributions. We hypothesised that descriptors of deep-water layers would better predict the deep-diving cetacean distributions than surface variables. We combined static variables and dynamic variables integrated over different depth classes of the water column into Generalised Additive Models to predict the distribution of sperm whales Physeter macrocephalus and beaked whales Ziphiidae in the Bay of Biscay, eastern North Atlantic. We identified which variables best predicted their distribution. Although the highest densities of both taxa were predicted near the continental slope and canyons, the most important variables for beaked whales appeared to be static variables and surface to subsurface dynamic variables, while for sperm whales only surface and deep-water variables were selected. This could suggest differences in foraging strategies and in the prey targeted between the two taxa. Increasing the use of variables describing the deep-water layers would provide a better understanding of the oceanic species distribution and better assist in the planning of human activities in these habitats. Best regards, Auriane Virgili -- Dr Auriane Virgili Ingénieure de recherche / Research engineer Tél : +(33) 5 16 49 67 20 Standard: +(33) 5 46 44 99 10 https://www.observatoire-pelagis.cnrs.fr/auriane-virgili/ Télétravaille le jeudi et vendredi / Remote working on Thursday and Friday Observatoire PELAGIS *La Rochelle Université* Centre commun d'analyse 5 allée de l'océan 17000 La Rochelle www.observatoire-pelagis.cnrs.fr <http://www.observatoire-pelagis.cnrs.fr> univ-larochelle.fr <http://www.univ-larochelle.fr> Facebook <https://www.facebook.com/LaRochelleUniversite/> | Twitter <https://twitter.com/UnivLaRochelle> | Instagram <https://www.instagram.com/univlarochelle/> | Linkedin <https://www.linkedin.com/school/university-of-la-rochelle/> | YouTube <https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-Cf7Z00cbodH9qC8i7SHXA>

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New publication: Diet of striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) in southern Spanish waters
by Joan Giménez Verdugo 13 Jun '22

13 Jun '22

Dear colleagues, We thought you might be interested in our recently published article in Marine Mammal Science: Saavedra, C., García-Polo, M., Giménez, J. et al. (2022) Diet of striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) in southern Spanish waters. Marine Mammal Science DOI: 10.1111/mms.12945 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mms.12945 ABSTRACT Identifiable food remains were analyzed from 46 stomachs of striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) stranded in southern Spain between 2007 and 2014. Results suggest that the species feeds mainly on mesopelagic and neritic fish, but also on oceanic squids. Fish species of the family Myctophidae were the main prey in terms of numerical importance and reconstructed prey weight (62% N and 29% W), followed by squids of the family Ommastrephidae (20% W) and bogue (Boops boops) (15% W). The most important prey taxa according to the General Importance Index (GII) were C. maderensis, Ommastrephidae gen. spp., Notoscopelus spp., and M. punctatum. Higher number of mesopelagic myctophids were found in dolphins from the Mediterranean (73% vs. 29% N), while more demersal gobiids and European hake (Merluccius merluccius) were found in those from the Atlantic (44% vs. 1% and 8% vs. <1% N), where a more varied diet was also observed. Differences were also seen in the seasonal importance of some prey, as well as between years, sexes, and maturity states. The diet composition suggests that most of feeding occurred in oceanic regions, during twilight and night hours, while the observed dietary variation may reflect differences in topography, and changes in the prey availability. Best wishes. Joan -- *Joan Giménez, PhD* *Postdoctoral Researcher* Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Barcelona, Spain www.icm.csic.es --- Personal website: http://gimenezverdugo.wixsite.com/joangimenez Research Gate: Joan Giménez <https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joan_Gimenez2> ü Please consider the environment before printing this E-mail <https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campai…> Libre de virus. www.avast.com <https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campai…> <#DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2>

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Flukebook.org Release Notes Jan-May 2022
by Jason Holmberg 10 Jun '22

10 Jun '22

We are pleased to announce the Wildbook software release v.2022-05-31, which is reflected in the Flukebook.org https://www.flukebook.org platform for cetacean photo ID. Highlights include usability improvements in bulk import functionality and machine learning queue reporting. Wildbook DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6630241 Wildbook Image Analysis (WBIA) DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5765701 For an overview of Flukebook's multi-species, multi-modal machine learning for photo ID, please see: https://docs.wildme.org/docs/researchers/ia_pipeline Community support for Wildbook is provided at: https://community.wildme.org NEW DEVELOPMENTS - New study sites have been added. - Projects have been updated to reflect user feedback, including sortability and visibility of sightings. - Bulk import now displays information about image analysis queue times. - Start Match, from the encounter page, now shows information about the queue times. NEW DEVELOPMENTS (WBIA) SAGE-388: Create a new PIE V2 machine learning harness, allowing multiple training configurations to be run in series. SAGE-486: Add caching support for background subtraction annotation chips. SAGE-487: Add ability to export a COCO dataset by referencing annotation IDs. SAGE-501: Refine the Docker image health checks. SAGE-403: Update ID accuracy plot rendering code. BUG FIXES WB-1965: Visual Matcher is significantly faster. WB-1961: Individual Search displays haplotype color codes on maps. WB-1930: Individual page display corrected for non-logged-in users. WB-1848: Bulk import is no longer interrupted if new import begins. WB-1959: Restored the ability to set individual ID on unmatched Encounters. WB-1947: Links to match results from projects now go to the correct matches. WB-1941: Project links to matching results now tied to the appropriate encounter rather than the associated bulk import. WB-1909: Edge-case bugs related to individual naming have been addressed in the SOCPROG and CAPTURE export formats. WB-1929: Resolved exceptions that cause leaks from the logs associated with the match results page. WB-1928: Bulk imports now lists the correct number of media assets in each task. WB-1922: Bulk import page is now sorting the entire table by date. WB-1917: Social display is now accounting for all co-occurrences. WB-1912: Match results is now filtering by project correctly on Flukebook after a regression. SAGE-509: Add sanitization and better parsing for job UUIDs when passed to the background job engine. [also SAGE-513] SAGE-502: Fix double file download on image registration with URLs. Jason Holmberg (he/him/his) Executive Director, Wild Me <https://wildme.org/> A.I. and humans combating extinction together.

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New Publication: Killer whales of the Strait of Gibraltar, an endangered subpopulation showing a disruptive behavior
by Ruth Esteban 10 Jun '22

10 Jun '22

Dear MARMAM subscribers and colleagues, My co-authors and I are pleased to announce the publication as a note in Marine Mammal Science: Esteban, R., López, A., de los Rios, Á. G., Ferreira, M., Martinho, F., Méndez-Fernandeza, P., Andréu, E., García-Gómez, J. C., Olaya-Ponzone, L., Espada-Ruiz, R., Gil-Vera, F. J., Bernal, C. M., Garcia-Bellido Capdevila, E., Sequeira, M., & Martínez-Cedeira, J. A. (2022). Killer whales of the Strait of Gibraltar, an endangered subpopulation showing a disruptive behavior. Marine Mammal Science, 1– 11. https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12947 ABSTRACT Several individuals of an endangered subpopulation of killer whales in the Iberian Peninsula started to show disruptive behaviour in 2020, interacting with boats. Most interactions involved sailing vessels but also fishing vessels, RHIBs and motorboats. Animals were reported and recorded bumping, pushing and rotating the boats. In some cases those interactions caused damage at the stern of the boat, mainly in their fragile mobbing parts. >From May to November, 49 interactions were recorded between the waters of the Strait of Gibraltar and Galicia, including the coast along Portugal. Two interacting groups were identified, accounting for eight individuals in total, which at the beginning of the interactions were observed together in the Strait of Gibraltar. Some mitigation actions were implemented such as temporally forbidding the navigation of sailing vessels, when interactions intensified in Galicia, however further efforts and collaboration are needed to respond to this unprecedented situation. Further information about the situation of these animals can be found at: https://www.orcaiberica.org/ All the best, Ruth Ruth Esteban, PhD. +34675837508 +351912847395 <https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campai…> Virus-free. www.avast.com <https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campai…> <#DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2>

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New Publication: Right whale family patterns in fecundity and habitat use
by Erin Meyer-Gutbrod 09 Jun '22

09 Jun '22

On behalf of my coauthors, I'm pleased to announce our publication in *Frontiers in Marine Science* "Maternal Lineage and Habitat Use Patterns Explain Variation in the Fecundity of a Critically Endangered Baleen Whale". This article examines maternal linkages in fecundity and the use of a novel foraging habitat in the North Atlantic right whale. The article is open-access, and can be viewed or downloaded at this site: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.880910 Citation: Bishop AL, Crowe LM, Hamilton PK and Meyer-Gutbrod EL (2022) Maternal Lineage and Habitat Use Patterns Explain Variation in the Fecundity of a Critically Endangered Baleen Whale. Front. Mar. Sci. 9:880910. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2022.880910 Abstract: Maternal Lineage and Habitat Use Patterns Explain Variation in the Fecundity of a Critically Endangered Baleen Whale The critically endangered North Atlantic right whale population (Eubalaena glacialis) has experienced multiple periods of decreased reproduction within its observable history, which have played a role in the overall decline of the species. In addition to this synchronized variation in reproduction across the population, there exists considerable individual variation in fecundity. To determine the impacts of family history and habitat use behavior on these individual variations in fecundity, photo identification data collected during four decades of visual monitoring were used to create a calving index for sexually mature females that could be used to evaluate matrilineal influence on fecundity. Reproductive life histories were analyzed to assess fecundity variation within matrilines over time. Individual variations in fecundity were also assessed with respect to a recent climate-driven habitat distribution shift by a loyal cohort of right whales that use the Gulf of St. Lawrence during the summer and autumn seasons. Lifetime fecundity in the oldest known living reproductive female, or matriarch, in a matriline was positively associated with the fecundity of her female progeny. Sexually mature females that have used the Gulf of St. Lawrence since 2015 were significantly more likely to give birth over this time period compared to individuals who did not use that habitat. Individuals of both sexes were significantly more likely to use the Gulf of St. Lawrence if their mothers did as well; however, this association declined as offspring aged. These results provide insight on the environmental, behavioral, and genetic factors that contribute to individual variation in fecundity. Low calving rates and increased dangers posed by habitat use shifts in the past decade have played a major role in the species’ decline, and these new insights into the mechanistic drivers of right whale reproduction and habitat use show that lineage guides progeny behavior and reproductive success. As anthropogenic climate change continues to disrupt right whale seasonal distributions through changing ocean circulation patterns, understanding the demographic consequences of novel habitat use patterns will be essential to updating protective policies. Cheers, Erin Meyer-Gutbrod -- Dr. Erin L. Meyer-Gutbrod *(she/her)* Assistant Professor School of the Earth, Ocean & Environment University of South Carolina https://meyer-gutbrod.weebly.com/ emgutbrod(a)seoe.sc.edu 216-548-9082

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Job Opportunity: FL FWC OPS Biological Scientist II (GIS/Database Analyst)
by Neyman, Lisa 09 Jun '22

09 Jun '22

Dear Marmam, The North Atlantic Right Whale research program at Florida FWC-FWRI is advertising an OPS Biological Scientist II (#77907337) position for a GIS and database analyst. You can find the details and instructions to apply here: https://jobs.myflorida.com/Florida%20Fish%20and%20Wildlife/job/ST-PETERSBUR… Job Description: Position Type: Full Time Salary: $17-19 per hour, depending on experience Job Location: St. Petersburg, Florida Posting Closing Date: 06/21/2022 This is an OPS position that is funded by a grant requiring annual renewals. Continued employment is dependent on the extension of the project or on new grants being awarded. No moving expenses will be provided. This position is for a GIS and database analyst within the North Atlantic Right Whale Program in the Marine Mammal Section of the Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWRI). The successful candidate will be responsible for maintaining, processing, and summarizing databases and geodatabases of automatic identification system (AIS) data describing vessel traffic along the Atlantic Coast of the Southeastern U.S. They will identify vessel traffic patterns in and adjacent to right whale critical habitat; develop and maintain data processing scripts; regularly check that AIS data is streaming and help troubleshoot any streaming or data processing issues as they arise; ensure that AIS databases meet certain quality standards; regularly back up critical AIS databases; provide technical and analytical support to section staff through use of geographic information systems (GIS), relational databases, programming languages (e.g., Python, SQL, R), and other technical tools; and other tasks as assigned by the supervisor. There may be opportunities to contribute to or develop additional projects of interest beyond those described here such as vessel risk analyses or population assessments. This is an office-based job with limited field opportunities. Qualifications: A bachelor's degree from an accredited college or university with a major in one of the biological sciences and one year of professional biological experience in a field or laboratory program; or a master's degree from an accredited college or university in one of the biological sciences. A valid driver license. These qualifications must be met at the time of application. Knowledge of GIS methods and programs, spatial analysis techniques, and data management principles. Ability to maintain, process, and summarize spatial data using GIS applications, including relational databases and programming scripts. Ability to establish and maintain effective working relationships, plan and organize work assignments with minimal supervision, and communicate effectively with fellow staff and supervisor. Must be well organized, detail-oriented, self-motivated, and a problem solver with well-developed critical thinking skills. **Preference may be given to candidates who have coursework in GIS, Computer Science, and/or database management/analytics; Demonstrated experience with computer programming, working with Python geoprocessing scripts and SQL geodatabases in ArcGIS 10.x/ArcGIS Pro, developing metadata, technical writing, knowledge of AIS data structure, experience in the collection, quality-control, and management of spatially referenced data. Thank you, Lisa Neyman Lisa Neyman Research Associate Fish and Wildlife Research Institute Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission 100 8th Ave. SE Saint Petersburg, FL 33701 Phone: (727) 502-4751 Email: Lisa.Neyman(a)myfwc.com<mailto:Lisa.Neyman@myfwc.com>

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Invitation to join the 2022 International Cetacean Symposium on 17 June 2022 (0900-1700 - UTC+8) (Aquatic Animal Virtopsy Lab in City University of Hong Kong)
by Dr. KOT Brian Chin Wing 09 Jun '22

09 Jun '22

Dear Friends of MARMAM, [cid:image002.png@01D87C3A.66A3FC40] Hope you are doing well and staying healthy in these tough COVID-19 times. While things are getting better in recent months, we, the Aquatic Animal Virtopsy Lab (https://www.facebook.com/AAVLab2014) under Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, are delighted to announce details of our annual "International Cetacean Symposium" series with the theme of "Resilience". The reduction in human activities during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially the global maritime traffic, has brought unforeseen serenity to the ocean and enabled its resilient residents to thrive again. While this effect is likely and unfortunately temporary, researchers and conservation groups around the world are employing multidisciplinary techniques to learn from this unprecedented time, to shed light on cetacean-vessel interactions and conservation of cetaceans. Plenary lectures and invited talks will be delivered online by renowned conservationists, scientists, veterinarians, governmental agencies, academics and students worldwide studying different aspects of assessing and mitigating the impact of maritime traffic on cetaceans. The symposium is open to everyone for FREE! All the participants are required to register to the event via the online registration link provided below. First come, first served basis with limited seats! Reservations will be accepted in the order they are received. Please register only once. It would be our honour to have you joining us in the 2022 International Cetacean Symposium. We hope that the event we put together is as interesting to you, as they are to us! Please also find the following links for your reference: 2022 International Cetacean Symposium (Virtual meeting) Date: 17 June 2022 (Friday) Time: 09:00 - 17:00 (HKT: UTC+8) Venue: Virtual meeting via Zoom platform Details: https://bit.ly/AAVL2022ICS ; https://bit.ly/AAVL2022ICS2 Registration: https://forms.gle/E8SYE9J8nvu1nMAc6 Deadline for registration: 23:59 (HKT: UTC+8) on 15 June 2022 (Wednesday) For any queries, please do not hesitate to contact Dr. Brian Kot (briankot(a)cityu.edu.hk<mailto:briankot@cityu.edu.hk>), Mr. Henry Tsui (cltsui9(a)cityu.edu.hk<mailto:cltsui9@cityu.edu.hk>) and Dr. Tabris Chung (ytchung(a)cityu.edu.hk<mailto:ytchung@cityu.edu.hk>) anytime. Please circulate as you deem appropriate to interested parties. Act Fast, Make Plans Now to Attend and we look forward to seeing you all soon. Best regards, Aquatic Animal Virtopsy Lab Department of Infectious Disease and Public Health City University of Hong Kong Aquatic Animal Virtopsy Lab Website: https://aavlab2014.wixsite.com/aavlab2014 Follow us at Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/AAVLab2014 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/aavlab2014 Twitter: https://twitter.com/AAVLab2014 Disclaimer: This email (including any attachments) is for the use of the intended recipient only and may contain confidential information and/or copyright material. If you are not the intended recipient, please notify the sender immediately and delete this email and all copies from your system. Any unauthorized use, disclosure, reproduction, copying, distribution, or other form of unauthorized dissemination of the contents is expressly prohibited.

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New publication: High-resolution projections of global sea surface temperatures reveal critical warming in humpback whale breeding grounds
by Stephanie Stack 08 Jun '22

08 Jun '22

Dear MARMAM community, My co-authors and I would like to announce the following publication: Hannah von Hammerstein, Renee O. Setter, Martin van Aswegen, Jens J. Currie and Stephanie H. Stack (2022). High-resolution projections of global sea surface temperatures reveal critical warming in humpback whale breeding grounds. Frontiers in Marine Science, 668. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.837772. Abstract: Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are triggering changes in global climate and warming the ocean. This will affect many marine organisms, particularly those with high site fidelity and habitat temperature preferences, such as humpback whales on their breeding grounds. To study the impacts of a warming ocean on marine organisms, large-scale projections of climatic variables are crucial. Global models are of 0.25 - 1° (~25-100 km) resolution, and not ideal to predict localized changes. Here, we provide 0.05° resolution (~5 km) sea surface temperature (SST) projections, statistically downscaled using the delta method. We illustrate the shifting isotherms of the critical 21 and 28°C boundaries, which border the climatic envelope that humpback whales prefer for their breeding grounds, over the course of the 21st century on a decadal temporal resolution. Results show by the end of the 21st century, 35% of humpback whale breeding areas will experience SSTs above or within 1°C of current thresholds if present-day social, economic, and technological trends continue (‘middle of the road’ CMIP6 greenhouse gas trajectory SSP2-RCP4.5). This number rises to 67% under the scenario describing rapid economic growth in carbon-intensive industries (‘fossil-fueled development’ CMIP6 greenhouse gas trajectory SSP5-RCP8.5). These projections highlight the importance of reducing global greenhouse gas emissions and minimizing further SST increases to preserve ecological integrity of humpback whale breeding areas. In this context, our results emphasize the need to focus on protection of critical ocean habitat and to provide high-resolution climate data for this purpose. This paper is open access and available to download from: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.837772/full Kind regards, Stephanie Stack Stephanie Stack (she/her) Chief Biologist Pacific Whale Foundation 300 Ma‘alaea Road Ste 211, Wailuku, HI 96793 USA Cell: +1 808-740-5540 PacificWhale.org<https://nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacifi…> [cid:microsoftteams-image(1)_bd2c6ef7-b3d7-48f1-95dc-ac6b3873031c.png]<https://pacificwhale.rallybound.org/filmfest/Donate/Tickets?_ga=2.255470344…> <https://www.pacificwhale.org/filmfest/> <https://www.pacificwhale.org/filmfest/>

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New publication: estimating regional walrus abundance in the U. S. Chukchi Sea in autumn.
by Taylor, Rebecca L 08 Jun '22

08 Jun '22

Our new publication estimates that the number of walruses using the U. S. Chukchi Sea in autumn was 166,000 (133,000–201,000) in 2019 and 189,000 (135,000–251,000) in 2019. These estimates are substantially more precise than previous walrus population size estimates. We estimated herd size of walruses on land using small survey drones and corrected these estimates for walruses in the water (and therefore unavailable for counting) using behavior log data from satellite-tagged walruses. The increased precision of these estimates was due to our use of drones, which allowed us to fly multiple surveys in a short period of time and use all surveys in a single analysis. Future work many include applying these methods on both sides of the Bering Strait in collaboration with Russian wildlife researchers, advancing the prospect of a Chukchi Sea-wide abundance estimate. The paper is open access. Citation: Fischbach, A.S., Jay, C., Taylor, R.L., 2022, Regional walrus abundance estimate in the United States Chukchi Sea in autumn: Journal of Wildlife Management, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.22256 Rebecca Taylor Research Statistician Alaska Science Center U. S. Geological Survey (907) 786-7004 Please note I sometimes send and answer email outside normal work hours. This helps me with my schedule but is not intended to pressure others to do the same.

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