September 2017 - MARMAM - devlists.uvic.ca

New Publication on Amazon River Dolphins and Dam impacts
by Daniela - ECÓTONUS 12 Sep '17

12 Sep '17

Dear all, We are pleased to announce to you our new publication in Aquatic Mammals Journal: *Pivari, D.; Pacca, H. M. & Sebrian, T. 2017. Occurrence of Boto-do-Araguaia (**/Inia araguaiaensis/**) in a Region of the Araguaia River, Brazil, Documented for an Environmental Impact Study for a Hydroelectric Dam. Aquatic Mammals 2017, 43(5), 530-536.* Abstract: This study was part of a environmental impact studies carried out in 2009 related to a dam to be built in the Araguaia River, Brazil. Was verified the presence of Boto-do-Araguaia, /Inia araguaiaensis/ and estimate its preference in use of habitats in the dam´s area of influence. The methodology used was the active search of the Botos. 183h of sampling efforts were done during the different hydrological seasons of the river. A total of 119 Botos were spoted in 42 sites of the Araguaia river. 60% of them were seen in more preserved areas with some human action. There was a greater number of Botos spoted during seasons of rising and high (n = 87) compared to the falling and low season (n = 29) (QQ = 116, p <0.0001). The ratio of Botos in flooded forest and river-bed changes on the rising / high and falling / low seasons. In the falling / low, 66% of Botos were found in the river-bed and backwater regions (QQ = 16.5, p <0.0001). In the rising / high season, they were often associated with flooded forest due to the demand for food resources (64%) (QQ = 8.10, p = 0.0071). The foraging behavior was the most observed category in rising (100%), low (100%) and falling (77%) seasons, whereas the traveling behavior was predominant in the high season (63%). /I.//araguaiaensis/is a recentlydiscovered species (2014). It is known that this population is isolated in the basins of Tocantins and Araguaia rivers and is threatened due to habitat loss by the intense human occupation of the region. This paper is available at:http://ecotonus.com.br/site/43-5_Pivari-1.pdf Or can be requested at: daniela(a)ecotonus.com.br <mailto:daniela@ecotonus.com.br> Cheers, Daniela Pivari --

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Final Call: Training Course - An Introduction To Using GIS In Biological Research, 25-26 September 2017
by Colin D. MacLeod 12 Sep '17

12 Sep '17

This is the final call for attendees for our upcoming introductory training course for those who wish to learn how to use GIS in biological research, and it will provide an introduction to using GIS in a wide variety of biological research situations, including marine mammal research, and the course includes two marine-mammal-specific practical exercises (one based around calculating the observed abundance per unit survey effort of dolphins using a grid-based approach, and one based around mapping species richness for North Atlantic beaked whales). It is primmarily based around a GIS software package called QGIS, which is free to use. As a result, it is one of the best options for doing GIS for self-employed MMOs, small environmental consultancies, NGOs, those working on small marine mammal research projects with limited budgets for purchasing software licences and students working at universities who do not have access to commercial GIS software packages. The course will be held in Glasgow, Scotland, on the 25th and 26th of September 2017, and it will be taught by Dr Colin D. MacLeod, who has more than 15 years experience in using GIS for a wide variety of biological purposes. For those who cannot attend this course in person, a shorter online course based on the same materials is available from our sister site www.GISforBiologists.com. The course will primarily be based around QGIS (also known as Quantum GIS), which provides a user-friendly, open-source, free alternative to commercial GIS software packages, and it is becoming increasingly widely used in both academic and commercial organisations As a result, it is aimed at both those with no GIS experience, but wish to learn how to do GIS with QGIS, and also those who are familiar with using commercial GIS software, such as ArcGIS, but who wish to learn how to use QGIS as an alternative. However, this course is taught using software-independent approach, and it is also open to those who wish to learn how to use ArcGIS to do biological GIS. The practical exercises on this course will be based on those in the recently published GIS For Biologists: A Practical Introduction For Undergraduates by Dr MacLeod, and a free copy of this book will be provided to all participants. Attendance will be limited to a maximum of 15 people, and the course will cost £295 per person (£200 for students, the unwaged and those working for registered charities). To book a place, or for more information, email info(a)GISinEcology.com. Glasgow has great transport links and is within half a days travel by car or by fast train links from most cities in the UK. For example, it can be reached in as little as 4h 30mins from London by train. It can also be reached by direct flights from many European cities and the flight time is generally under four hours. The course will be held in central Glasgow at the IET Glasgow Teacher Building (14 St Enoch Square, Glasgow, G1 4DB, UK). Attendees will be responsible for their own accommodation. However, Glasgow provides a wide range of accommodation options to fit most budgets. ================================================================================== GIS IN ECOLOGY - Providing Training, Advice And Consultancy On The Use Of GIS In Ecology Web: www.GISinEcology.com Email: info(a)GISinEcology.com Need to ask a question about using GIS? Try the GIS In Ecology Forum: www.GISinEcology.com/GIS_in_Ecology_forum.htm Books From GIS In Ecology Staff: GIS For Biologists: A Practical Introduction For Undergraduates; RRP: £24.99 An Introduction To Using GIS In Marine Biology; RRP: £44.99 An Introduction To Using GIS In Marine Biology: Supplementary Workbook One - Creating Maps Of Species Distribution; RRP: £19:99 If you wish to purchase these books, visit: http://www.gisinecology.com/Book_Shop.htm To help the environment, please do not print out this email unless it is unavoidable. ================================================================================== --- This email has been checked for viruses by Avast antivirus software. https://www.avast.com/antivirus

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Reminder: SMM Workshop - International Sirenian Symposium
by nicole adimey 11 Sep '17

11 Sep '17

Reminder: Please join us for the International Sirenian Symposium on Saturday, October 28, 2017 from 8:00 am - 5:00 pm. The Sirenian Symposium is an all-day meeting to foster communication between researchers, managers, and policy makers on all aspects of Sirenian Conservation. Individuals are invited to present novel research on Sirenian conservation and management, stranding response and medical assessment, monitoring applications, and general biology and research. The symposium will include presentations, a poster session, and a panel discussion. Sirenian items will be available for purchase to raise funds for travel grants. The cost of this workshop has been supplemented by outside ** funding sources, therefore, participants will only be charged $ 3 5 USD. Those interested can register via the conference website at: http://www.smmconference.org/WorkshopDescriptions

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Humpback whale monitoring in Glacier Bay and adjacent waters 2016: Annual progress report
by Neilson, Janet 11 Sep '17

11 Sep '17

The following report is now available on the Glacier Bay National Park & Preserve web site. Please note that this report summarizes findings from summer *2016* -- stay tuned for our 2017 report. Neilson, J. L., C. M. Gabriele, and L. F. Taylor-Thomas. 2017. Humpback whale monitoring in Glacier Bay and adjacent waters 2016: Annual progress report. Natural Resource Report NPS/GLBA/NRR—2017/1503. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. https://www.nps.gov/glba/learn/nature/upload/Neilson_ etal_2017_GLBA_2016_annual_humpback_whale_report_FINAL.pdf [3.7 MB .PDF] *ABSTRACT* Migratory humpback whales (*Megaptera novaeangliae*) use southeastern Alaska as summer feeding habitat, including the waters in and around Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve (GBNPP). This report summarizes GBNPP’s humpback whale monitoring program in Glacier Bay and Icy Strait (GB-IS) in 2016, the 32nd consecutive year of consistent data collection. In June-August, we documented 164 unique whales in GB-IS, our lowest count since 2008. Counts corrected for effort reveal an increasing trend following a dramatic decline in whale abundance in 2014. We found decreases in within-year and between-year site fidelity, with over one-third (35.6%) of our ‘regularly sighted’ whales missing in 2016. We identified only one mother/calf pair, resulting in the lowest crude birth rate (0.6%) since monitoring began in 1985, and there was also a notable absence of one and two-year-old whales. Many of the whales that we observed (13%) appeared to be abnormally thin. The ‘core group’ at Point Adolphus was not sighted and many of the whales typically associated with the group were not documented. In June, whale #441 was found dead marking the end of his 45-year sighting history (1972-2016), the world’s longest for a humpback whale. There is mounting evidence that site fidelity, calving, and juvenile return rates in Glacier Bay-Icy Strait have declined substantially in recent years. Within Alaska, the long-term, consistent monitoring of humpback whales is limited to GB-IS, making it difficult to determine over what geographic scale these changes are occurring. -- Janet Neilson Humpback Whale Monitoring Program Glacier Bay National Park & Preserve PO Box 140 Gustavus, Alaska 99826 907-697-2658

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Right Whale Observer Internship 2018 - Provincetown, MA USA
by Stephanie Richardson 11 Sep '17

11 Sep '17

Center for Coastal Studies (CCS) Right Whale Ecology Program Observer Internship Announcement The Center for Coastal Studies (CCS), a nonprofit institution dedicated to the understanding and protection of our coastal environment and marine ecosystems, is seeking a seasonal Right Whale Ecology Program intern from January through May 2018. This long-term project focuses on documenting the abundance, distribution and behavior of North Atlantic right whales and their food resource in Cape Cod Bay and adjacent Massachusetts waters. The intern will be the primary vessel observer for the project and will participate in research cruises up to four days a week. Fieldwork responsibilities include photographing critically endangered North Atlantic right whales, collecting behavioral and environmental data, recording other sightings events (species, vessels and fishing gear), and working with a habitat research team both in the field and in the lab. Lab responsibilities include photo-analysis (downloading images, inputting sightings information, matching individuals to known animals using an online and in-house catalog, cataloging), database entry and maintenance, assisting the aerial team and maintaining vessel field equipment. Minimum Requirements: - A college degree, preferably in biological/ environmental sciences - Previous marine mammal survey experience, including experience in photo-identification of large cetaceans - Experience with digital SLR cameras, lenses, and filters - Basic computer literacy and experience using Microsoft Office programs (Excel, Word, PowerPoint). Experience with database entry and management is preferred - Experience working on boats, ability to withstand harsh elements, and not be prone to serious seasickness - Must be able to live and work well in a team - Enthusiasm and willingness to learn field and lab-based research methods - Strong attention to detail and ability to work well under pressure Preferred Qualifications: - Experience using iMatch image database software - Experience using GPS equipment - Ability to estimate object ranges from a vessel - Not prone to seasickness - A valid US driver’s license The successful applicant will be required to work a minimum of four full days per week and will need to be flexible for research cruises due to weather constrictions. The intern will often collect data independently in the field, thus responsible, detail-oriented applicants are encouraged to apply. Applicants must be available for the full field season and must be willing to work weekends, holidays and evenings as needed. Housing will be provided, as well as a small stipend to cover general living expenses. CCS has a long history of conservation and research work with the North Atlantic right whale and Cape Cod Bay has been a major critical habitat for over 50% of the estimated population in recent years. This is an excellent opportunity for anyone wishing to expand their skills in marine mammal survey techniques, and will offer the successful applicant the unique chance to work with one of the world’s most endangered cetaceans. This internship will afford the successful applicant an invaluable opportunity to work within a well-established institution, with highly-qualified scientists, and to gain experience in photo-identification, matching, and data entry and analysis. Experience in oceanographic sampling can also be gained. Details of our work can be found on our website: http://coastalstudies.org/right-whale-research/ How to Apply: The application package should include the following attachment(s): 1) A cover letter describing your specific interests in marine mammal science, internship qualifications, and how the experience would assist you in reaching career goals 2) CV/resume 3) College transcripts (unofficial are sufficient) 4) The names and contact information of two references Application materials must be e-mailed in PDF format to: Stephanie Richardson, srichardson(a)coastalstudies.org, with the following text in the subject line: 2018 RW observer internship. Deadline for submissions: September 30, 2017 --

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MARINE MAMMAL BOOKS AVAILABLE
by Thomas Jefferson 10 Sep '17

10 Sep '17

MARINE MAMMAL BOOKS AVAILABLE ¡VIVAVaquita! (a non-profitorganization) has many marine mammal books, reprints, monographs, and journalsthat are available for a donation to the organiation. All funds raised will be actively used forresearch and conservation work on the vaquita (Phocoena sinus), the world’s most endangered marine mammal species. The global population of this species nownumbers less than 25 individuals and is decling at about 50%/year. Visit ourwebsite at www.vivavaquita.org for more details. Below is a sample of some of the rarer itemswe have, but there are hundreds and ‘prices’ range from $1-165. For a full list of books available, or if youhave any marine mammal literature you would be interested in donating to us,please contact Tom Jefferson at sclymene(a)aol.com. HC=harcover, PB=paperback. Andrews, R.C. 1914. Monographs of the Pacific Cetacea.I.-The California gray whale (Rhachiantectesglaucus Cope). Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History.1:229-287. $75. Andrews, R.C. 1916 (1925).Whale Hunting With Gun and Camera. D. Appleton and Co., New York (SecondEdition). 333 pp. $65. Gaskin, D.E. 1972 Whales, Dolphins, and Seals, With SpecialReference to the New Zealand Region, Heineman Educational Books. $15. Horwood, J. 1987. The Sei Whale: Population Biology,Ecology, and Management. Croom Helm. 375 pp. $32. Jefferson, T.A., Leatherwood, S. & Webber, M.A. 1993Marine Mammals of the World: FAO Species Identification Guide, United NationEnvironment Programme and Food and Agricultural Organization of the UN. $50. Jones, M.L., S.L. Swartz, and S. Leatherwood. 1984. The GrayWhale Eschrichtius robustus. AcademicPress. 600 pp. $45. Morzer Bruyns, W.F.J. 1971 Field Guide of Whales andDolphins, Uitgeverij Tor. $12. Norris, K.S., Würsig, B., Wells, R.S. & Wursig, M. 1994The Hawaiian Spinner Dolphin, University of California Press. $20. Payne, R. 1983. Communication and Behavior of Whales. InAAAS Selected Symposium. Vol. 76. Westview Press, Inc,, Boulder, Co. 643 pp. $21. Perrin, W.F. 1975 Variation and taxonomy of spotted andspinner porpoise (genus Stenella) inthe eastern tropical Pacific and Hawaii. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution ofOceanography, 21, 206 pp. $10. Ridgway, S.H. 1972. Mammals of the Sea: Biology andMedicine. Charles C. Thomas. 812 pp. $165. Ridgway, S.H., and R.J. Harrison. 1981. Handbook of MarineMammals, Vol. 1: The Walrus, Sea Lions, Fur Seals, and Sea Otter. AcademicPress. 235 pp. $30. Ridgway, S.H., and R.J. Harrison. 1981. Handbook of MarineMammals, Vol. 2: Seals. Academic Press. 359 pp. $35. Ridgway, S.H., and R. Harrison. 1985. Handbook of MarineMammals, Vol. 3: The Sirenians and Baleen Whales. Academic Press Inc., London.362 pp. $60. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute. (misc.issues). Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute. Misc. prices. True, F.W. 1904. Whalebone Whales of the Western NorthAtlantic Compared with Those Occurring in European Waters with SomeObservations on the Species of the North Pacific. Smithsonian Contributions toKnowledge. 332 pp. + plates. $95(hardbound). True, F.W. 1910. An account of the beaked whales of thefamily Ziphiidae in the collection of the United States National Museum, withremarks on some species in other American museums. Bulletin of the UnitedStates National Museum. 73:42 pp. + plates. $65 (hardbound). Truitt, D. 1974 Dolphins and Porpoises: A ComprehensiveAnnotated Bibliography of the Smaller Cetacea. Gale Research Co. $25.

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Reminder: SMM WORKSHOP: U.S. Marine Mammal Research Permitting
by Amy Sloan - NOAA Federal 10 Sep '17

10 Sep '17

Reminder: Please join us for a half-day workshop on Saturday, October 28, 2017, from 8 am -noon titled: "U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act and Endangered Species Act research permitting." The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) oversee issuance of permits for take, import, and export of marine mammals under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), Endangered Species Act (ESA), and Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES; FWS only). NMFS has jurisdiction over cetaceans and pinnipeds, except walrus. FWS has jurisdiction over dugong, manatees, polar bears, sea otters, marine otter, and walrus. The Marine Mammal Commission (the Commission) provides independent oversight of the MMPA permitting programs. Each agency will provide an overview of their program for processing scientific research and other permits including how to submit a complete application, review of applications by the agencies (including ESA and other consultations) and the Commission, and important updates for permit holders and applicants. Updates include changes underway to streamline permitting (e.g., updated application instructions, development of standardized research methods, and programmatic ESA consultations). The first half of the workshop will be dedicated to NMFS permits and the second half to FWS permits including CITES. Representatives from each agency will be available for questions. Please register via the conference website: http://www.smmconference.org/WorkshopDescriptions We hope you will join us, Amy Sloan (NMFS), Mary Cogliano (FWS), and Tiffini Brookens (the Commission) Amy Sloan Deputy Chief / Research Permit Program Lead Permits and Conservation Division, F/PR1 NMFS Office of Protected Resources 1315 East-West Hwy, SSMC3 Rm 13824 Silver Spring, MD 20910 Email: Amy.Sloan(a)noaa.gov

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New paper on sperm whale diving behavior
by Irvine, Ladd 08 Sep '17

08 Sep '17

Hi Everyone, My co-authors and I are pleased to announce the following article that was published in Ecology and Evolution: Sperm whale dive behavior characteristics derived from intermediate-duration archival tag data. The full article is available at the following link and the abstract is below: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.3322/full Please contact me with any questions at ladd.irvine(a)oregonstate.edu<mailto:ladd.irvine@oregonstate.edu> Ladd Abstract Here, we describe the diving behavior of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) using the Advanced Dive Behavior (ADB) tag, which records depth data at 1-Hz resolution and GPS-quality locations for over 1 month, before releasing from the whale for recovery. A total of 27 ADB tags were deployed on sperm whales in the central Gulf of California, Mexico, during spring 2007 and 2008, of which 10 were recovered for data download. Tracking durations of all tags ranged from 0 to 34.5 days (median = 2.3 days), and 0.6 to 26.6 days (median = 5.0 days) for recovered tags. Recovered tags recorded a median of 50.8 GPS-quality locations and 42.6 dives per day. Dive summary metrics were generated for archived dives and were subsequently classified into six categories using hierarchical cluster analysis. A mean of 77% of archived dives per individual were one of four dive categories with median Maximum Dive Depth >290 m (V-shaped, Mid-water, Benthic, or Variable), likely associated with foraging. Median Maximum Dive Depth was <30 m for the other two categories (Short- and Long-duration shallow dives), likely representing socializing or resting behavior. Most tagged whales remained near the tagging area during the tracking period, but one moved north of Isla Tiburón, where it appeared to regularly dive to, and travel along the seafloor. Three whales were tagged on the same day in 2007 and subsequently traveled in close proximity (<1 km) for 2 days. During this period, the depth and timing of their dives were not coordinated, suggesting they were foraging on a vertically heterogeneous prey field. The multiweek dive records produced by ADB tags enabled us to generate a robust characterization of the diving behavior, activity budget, and individual variation for an important predator of the mesopelagos over temporal and spatial scales not previously possible. Ladd Irvine Sr. Faculty Research Assistant Oregon State University Marine Mammal Institute Hatfield Marine Science Center 2030 S Marine Science Dr. Newport, OR 97365 Phone: 541-867-0394 www.mmi.oregonstate.edu

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Fw: New paper on tooth sharpness and the origin of baleen whale filter feeding
by Melvin Klassen 08 Sep '17

08 Sep '17

Re-submission, due to problem with the mailing-list. ________________________________ From: Felix Marx <felix.marx(a)monash.edu> Sent: September 6, 2017 3:25 AM To: marmam(a)lists.uvic.ca Subject: New paper on tooth sharpness and the origin of baleen whale filter feeding Dear colleagues, please find below the abstract and link to our recently published paper on tooth sharpness and the origin of filter feeding in archaic baleen whales: Hocking, D. P., Marx, F. G., Fitzgerald, E. M. G., Evans, A. R. 2017 Ancient whales did not filter feed with their teeth. Biology Letters 13: 20170348. Link: http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/13/8/20170348 Abstract: The origin of baleen whales (Mysticeti), the largest animals on Earth, is closely tied to their signature filter-feeding strategy. Unlike their modern relatives, archaic whales possessed a well-developed, heterodont adult dentition. How these teeth were used, and what role their function and subsequent loss played in the emergence of filter feeding, is an enduring mystery. In particular, it has been suggested that elaborate tooth crowns may have enabled stem mysticetes to filter with their postcanine teeth in a manner analogous to living crabeater and leopard seals, thereby facilitating the transition to baleen-assisted filtering. Here we show that the teeth of archaic mysticetes are as sharp as those of terrestrial carnivorans, raptorial pinnipeds and archaeocetes, and thus were capable of capturing and processing prey. By contrast, the postcanine teeth of leopard and crabeater seals are markedly blunter, and clearly unsuited to raptorial feeding. Our results suggest that mysticetes never passed through a tooth-based filtration phase, and that the use of teeth and baleen in early whales was not functionally connected. Continued selection for tooth sharpness in archaic mysticetes is best explained by a feeding strategy that included both biting and suction, similar to that of most living pinnipeds and, probably, early toothed whales (Odontoceti). Kind regards, Felix Marx _____________________________ Felix G. Marx PhD Marie Sklodowska-Curie Postdoctoral Fellow *Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium *Monash University, Melbourne, Australia *Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Australia Address: School of Biological Sciences, Monash University 18 Innovation Walk, VIC 3800, Australia Tel. +61 (0)3 9905 1190 (Monash University) or +61 (0)3 8341 7346 (Museum Victoria)

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Fw: Bycatch mitigation Workshop at SMM biennial in Halifax
by Melvin Klassen 08 Sep '17

08 Sep '17

Re-submission, due to problem with the mailing-list. ________________________________ From: Per Berggren <per.berggren(a)newcastle.ac.uk> Sent: September 6, 2017 2:03 AM To: marmam(a)lists.uvic.ca Subject: Bycatch mitigation Workshop at SMM biennial in Halifax Dear Colleagues, If you are attending the 22st Biennal Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals in Halifax, Nova Scotia and working on bycatch issues we hope you will consider attending the following Workshop: Development and implementation of low-cost methods to reduce cetacean bycatch in small scale gillnet fisheries Description of Workshop: Bycatch in gillnet fisheries is considered the most significant threat to cetaceans globally. In most cases cetacean bycatch rates are relatively low from a fishery perspective but high, and often unsustainable, from a cetacean population perspective. These are significant challenges to overcome when developing, testing and implementing potential bycatch mitigation measures. This Workshop focusses on low-cost cetacean bycatch solutions for small scale gillnet fisheries and is a follow-up to a similar Workshop organized at the SMM 2015. The Workshop will review available new bycatch reduction methodologies/gear modifications, and results from recent and ongoing bycatch mitigation trials. The Workshop will also identify areas and fisheries with relative high bycatch rates where bycatch mitigation trials may be conducted with high statistical power. This would be facilitated through development of collaborative international research proposals with participation of researchers from areas where trials are logistically difficult but where the results would be applicable. The Workshop will further review how to move from successful trial to implementation, particularly in locations and fisheries where legislation and enforcement may be absent. The Workshop will primarily address drift-and set gillnet fisheries and identify the most promising low-cost mitigation methods for both echo- and non-echolocating species. Workshop discussions will be introduced and stimulated by case study presentations. We are looking for relevant case study presentations: please contact us if you plan to attend the Workshop and have a suggested presentation. This will be a half day workshop with a maximum 50 participants. Date/time: Sunday 29 October 2017. 08:00-12:00. Organizers: Per Berggren (Newcastle University, UK) and Jeremy Kiszka (Florida International University) For more information, please email: per.berggren(a)ncl.ac.uk<mailto:per.berggren@ncl.ac.uk> For more information about this and other SMM Workshops: http://www.smmconference.org/WorkshopDescriptions Many thanks for considering this and we hope to see you at the Workshop. Per Berggren & Jeremy Kiszka ____________________________________________ Dr Per Berggren, Marine MEGAfauna Lab School of Natural & Environmental Sciences Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, UK Tel +44 191 2085676, Email: per.berggren(a)ncl.ac.uk<mailto:per.berggren@ncl.ac.uk> Skype: berggrenper, Twitter: @PerBerggren1 http://www.ncl.ac.uk/nes/staff/profile/per.berggren __________________________________________

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