October 2016 - MARMAM - devlists.uvic.ca

PSO/MMO Online Training
by PSO Training 24 Oct '16

24 Oct '16

Complete Protected Species Observer/Marine Mammal Observer training at any time through PSOeTraining, the first U.S. regulatory-compliant online PSO/MMO training course. The course is offered for $395 and consists of 12 graded lessons, a practical species identification quiz designed to simulate real in-field detection events, and a comprehensive final exam. The training program was created by instructors whom are accepted trainers by the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE), in collaboration with experienced PSOs, degreed biologists, educators, and industry professionals. Successful completion of the program results in a professional certification that distinguishes you as a PSO. Whether you are looking to work in the field as a PSO, to expand your knowledge of protected species regulations, marine environmental issues, and/or geological and geophysical regulations, or enhance your skillset, this course has something to offer you! Register today at PSOeTraining.com<http://psoetraining.com/register.aspx>! RPS Group has been the leading provider for PSO services in the Gulf of Mexico for over a decade and we are proud to present this high-quality, convenient, and effective online certification program. Doctors, engineers, pilots, and other professionals complete certification and/or degree programs that are available online, and now PSOs join the ranks of those benefiting from online learning! Our intensive e-training program will engage and instruct you with informative videos, interactive quizzes, and stimulating content. The combination of a fun, interesting program and self-paced learning has been proven to facilitate learning and increase retention of the material-leading to better, more qualified PSOs! Learn more at PSOeTraining.com<http://psoetraining.com/coursedetail.aspx>! This e-mail message and any attached file is the property of the sender and is sent in confidence to the addressee only. Internet communications are not secure and RPS is not responsible for their abuse by third parties, any alteration or corruption in transmission or for any loss or damage caused by a virus or by other means. Any advice contained in this e-mail is for information purposes only. RPS Group Plc, company number: 208 7786 (England). Registered office: 20 Western Avenue Milton Park Abingdon Oxfordshire OX14 4SH. RPS Group Plc web link: <http://www.rpsgroup.com>

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new paper: Cuvier's Beaked Whale, Ziphius cavirostris, Distribution and Occurrence in the Mediterranean Sea: High-Use Areas and Conservation Threats
by Michela Podesta' 24 Oct '16

24 Oct '16

Dear all, My co-authors and I are pleased to announce thefollowing publication: M. Podestà, A. Azzellino, A. Cañadas, A. Frantzis, A.Moulins, M. Rosso, P. Tepsich, C. Lanfredi, 2016. Cuvier's Beaked Whale, Ziphiuscavirostris, Distribution and Occurrence in the Mediterranean Sea: High-UseAreas and Conservation Threats. in "Mediterranean Marine Mammal Ecologyand Conservation", Advances in Marine Biology Volume 75. Editors: Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara,Michela Podestà, Barbara E. Curry. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 75:103-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.amb.2016.07.007 Abstract Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris G. Cuvier, 1823)is the only beaked whale species commonly found in the Mediterranean Sea. Untilrecently, species presence in this area was only inferred from strandingevents. Dedicated cetacean surveys have increased our knowledge of the distributionof Cuvier's beaked whales, even though many areas still remain unexplored.Here, we present an updated analysis of available sighting and stranding data,focusing on the atypical mass strandings that have occurred in theMediterranean Sea since 1963. We describe in detail the five more recent events(2006–14), highlighting theirrelationship with naval exercises that used mid-frequency active sonar. Thedistribution of the species is apparently characterized by areas of highdensity where animals seem to be relatively abundant, including the AlboránSea, Ligurian Sea, Central Tyrrhenian Sea, southern Adriatic Sea and theHellenic Trench, but other such areas may exist where little or no survey workhas been conducted. Population size has been estimated for the Alborán andLigurian seas. Habitat modelling studies for those areas, confirmed the speciespreference for the continental slope and its particular association withsubmarine canyons, as has also been found to be the case in other areas of theworld. The application of results from habitat modelling to areas differentfrom their calibration sites is proposed as a management tool for minimizingthe potential impacts of human activities at sea. Military sonar is knownworldwide as a threat for this species and is suggested to be a major threatfor Cuvier's beaked whale in the Mediterranean Sea. A copy can be downloaded at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065288116300116 Alternatively, please send PDF request to michela_podesta(a)hotmail.com Kind regards Michela Podestà dr. Michela Podesta' Curator Vertebrate Zoology Dept. Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano corso Venezia 55 - 20121 Milano - Italy tel. +39 0288463324 - +39 0288463280 fax +39 0288463281 michela_podesta@hotmail.commichela.podesta@comune.milano.itwww.comune.milano.it/museostorianaturale/index.html

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Seal Care Interns Zeehondencentrum Pieterburen
by Ana Rubio García 24 Oct '16

24 Oct '16

Dear colleagues, The Zeehondencentrum Pieterburen is looking for enthusiastic Seal care volunteers! Zeehondencentrum Pieterburen, is a specialized hospital in the north of the Netherlands, dedicated to the rescue, rehabilitation and release of injured, orphaned and sick seals. Every year we rehabilitate on average 500 native seals, Harbor (*Phoca vitulina)* /Grey (*Halichoerus grypus*) seals, and return them back to the wild. Currently we are seeking to add to our team, with some dedicated and hardworking volunteers/interns for our Seal Care department for the upcoming Winter period, from December 2016 till the end of March 2017 aprox. During this period we could expect, parasitic pneumonia, trauma patients (wounds, eye problems, broken bones...) and orphaned grey seal pups as the main cause of stranding for the seals in the Wadden Sea. We are looking for those persons, of an age of 18 years and over, with a desire to assist our experienced nurses with the day to day care of the seal patients. As a member of our Seal Care team, tasks you could expect to take part in can include but are not limited to: assisting the nurses with tube feedings, medical procedures (weighing, transportation, and assisting physical examinations/wound care), preparing individual and special diets, sanitation of enclosures following our strict protocols, etc. No previous experience with wild animals is required as there will be full training and reference material given, although the preferable candidates will be able to dedicate a length of stay from a minimum of 12 weeks, till a max of 24 weeks. Working 5 days, an average of 40 hours per week. We have accommodation on site, and for a small fee per week you can eat all your daily meals and stay in an internationally diverse environment. Due to this, the common speaking language is strictly English, so we expect candidates with a moderate level of speaking, reading and writing of English. Because we are a rescue centre, and a hospital, you could expect that there would be some heavy times, both emotionally and physically. But, we hope that with the right attitude, flexibility and professionalism it would be a rewarding and satisfying experience to help those seal patients in need. For further application information please contact the Head of the Volunteers, Vicky Stoneman via email on Victoria.Stoneman@ zeehondencentrum.nl, or by phoning the centre’s main information number on 0031, 595, 526 526. For general information on our activities please check out our website www.zeehondencentrum.nl Zeehondencentrum Pieterburen. Healthy sea, happy seal. Hoofdstraat 94a 9968 AG Pieterburen T +31 (0)595 526 526 E: info(a)zeehondencentrum.nl I: www.zeehondencentrum.nl [image: cid:image004.jpg@01D1D2D4.6A844C90] P Please consider the environment. Think before printing.

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WORKSHOP UPDATE: Estimating Marine Mammal Abundance from Line Transect Surveys
by Guilherme Augusto Bortolotto 23 Oct '16

23 Oct '16

UPDATE: ****Until 31 October, registration will be only available to those attending the conference. *From 1 November, remaining places will be made available to general public*.**** Workshop “Estimating Marine Mammal Abundance from Line Transect Surveys” at SOLAMAC, 26th -27th November 2016, Valparaiso, Chile Dear Colleagues, We would like to invite you to participate in the upcoming workshop "Estimating Marine Mammal Abundance from Line Transect Surveys" to be held on the Latin American Society of Aquatic Mammal Experts (SOLAMAC) meeting in Valparaiso, Chile on the 26th and 27th of November 2016. The principal instructor will be Prof Philip Hammond (University of St Andrews) http://soi.st-andrews.ac.uk/staffProfile.aspx?sunID=psh2 This workshop will introduce participants to the methods used to estimate the abundance of marine mammals, especially cetaceans. Methodology will be presented in a statistical framework but the focus will be on practical application of the methods and analysis of the data, and on understanding and dealing with potential biases that arise from applying the methodology in practice. Participants will spend much of the time doing practical exercises and will learn to use the analytical software DISTANCE for line transect sampling analysis. On successful completion of the workshop, participants will be able to design, execute and analyse data from line transect surveys and understand how results can be used to inform conservation and management. More details about the program can be found at the website http://solamac2016.com/congress/estimating-marine-mammal- abundance-from-line-transect-surveys/ <http://solamac2016.com/congress/> *Registration: *through the SOLAMAC website http://solamac2016.com/congres s/inscripciones/ <http://solamac2016.com/congress/> <http://solamac2016.com/congress/> *Fee:* US$50 for students; US$70 for professionals For any further information, please contact us at (ncrm(a)st-andrews.ac.uk./ gabdo(a)st-andrews.ac.uk ) Looking forward to see you in Chile! -- *Guilherme A. Bortolotto | *PhD Student SMRU • CREEM • School of Biology University of St Andrews *http://biology.st-andrews.ac.uk/contact/staffProfile.aspx?sunid=gabdo <http://biology.st-andrews.ac.uk/contact/staffProfile.aspx?sunid=gabdo>* Mobile UK: (44) 0 7884 398394 R3 Animal Association (http://en.r3animal.org/)

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new publication on Mediterranean monk seals
by Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara 23 Oct '16

23 Oct '16

Dear colleagues, It is with great pleasure that my coauthor and I would like to share our most recent publication: Notarbartolo di Sciara G., Kotomatas S. 2016. Are Mediterranean monk seals, Monachus monachus, being left to save themselves from extinction? In: G. Notarbartolo di Sciara, M. Podestà, B.E. Curry (Editors), Mediterranean marine mammal ecology and conservation. Advances in Marine Biology 75:361-388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.amb.2016.08.004 Abstract: Mediterranean monk seals (Monachus monachus), amongst the most endangered marine mammals, are showing localised signs of recovery warranting their recent down-listing, from Critically Endangered to Endangered, on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. This, however, cannot be taken as a reason for complacency, as the species’ condition is still very critical, having been extirpated from most of its historical range. Monk seals within the Mediterranean, a ‘unit to conserve’ separate from Atlantic conspecifics, were once widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean Sea, with their range also extending into the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea. Today breeding nuclei persist only in the northeastern portion of the region, in Greek, Turkish and Cypriot waters. The main reasons for their decline include deliberate killing and human encroachment of their critical habitat. Past conservation efforts have mostly failed due to the inability of implementing institutional commitments, lack of coordination and continuity of efforts and insufficient consideration of the socioeconomic implications of conserving monk seals. Yet the small reversal of the species’ decline that has been observed in Greece may have resulted from conservation efforts by civil society, combined with ongoing societal change within the local communities coexisting with the seals. The inaccessibility of large portions of monk seal habitat in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea may also have contributed, by offering to the monk seals a refuge from persecution and encroachment. Despite continued threats to monk seals, conservation activities at the local scale that utilise lessons learned from previous failures and successes could secure the survival of the largest Mediterranean colony of monk seals, while also providing a model to support the species’ recovery in other portions of its former range. The paper can be accessed from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065288116300153 <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S006528811630013X> Alternatively, please send PDF requests to disciara(a)gmail.com <mailto:disciara@gmail.com> All the best, Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara

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new publication on Mediterranean fin whales
by Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara 23 Oct '16

23 Oct '16

Dear colleagues, It is with great pleasure that my coauthors and I would like to share our most recent publication: Notarbartolo di Sciara G., Castellote M., Druon J.N., Panigada S. 2016. Fin whales, Balaenoptera physalus: at home in a changing Mediterranean Sea? In: G. Notarbartolo di Sciara, M. Podestà, B.E. Curry (Editors), Mediterranean marine mammal ecology and conservation. Advances in Marine Biology 75:75-101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.amb.2016.08.002 Abstract: 1.The relationship of Mediterranean fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) to their Atlantic conspecifics has puzzled zoologists for centuries. Recent data indicate the occurrence of two distinct populations, one resident in the Mediterranean Sea and the other a seasonal visitor to the western Mediterranean from the northeastern North Atlantic Ocean. 2. Resident Mediterranean fin whales are nomadic opportunists that have adapted to exploit localised mesoscale hotspots of productivity that are highly variable in space and time. These appear to be fairly widespread across the region during winter, whereas in summer favourable feeding habitat is dramatically reduced, concentrating mostly in the western Ligurian Sea and Gulf of Lion. This prompts a reinterpretation of the movement pattern of resident fin whales, based on a contraction/dispersion hypothesis caused by seasonal variability in available feeding habitat, as opposed to a pattern of migrations occurring along defined directions as is common in other Mysticetes. 3. Calving peaks in autumn but has been observed year-round throughout the Mediterranean, suggesting that resident fin whales engage in breeding activities whenever favourable physiological conditions occur. It can be assumed that the Mediterranean environment, which is relatively forgiving in comparison to oceanic habitats, combined with negligible predation pressure and high potential for sound-mediated socialisation due to the region's relatively small size, might have provided year-round resident fin whales an extended and more flexible calendar of breeding and feeding opportunities. 4. Considering the Mediterranean fin whales’ small and possibly decreasing population size, low survival rate and the high pressure from many threats deriving from human activities such as vessel traffic, noise, chemical pollution and likely climate change, their status raises considerable concern and conservation measures should be urgently implemented. The paper can be accessed from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S006528811630013X Alternatively, please send PDF requests to disciara(a)gmail.com <mailto:disciara@gmail.com> All the best, Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara

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new publication on Mediterranean marine mammals
by Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara 23 Oct '16

23 Oct '16

Dear colleagues, It is with great pleasure that I would like to share my most recent publication: Notarbartolo di Sciara G. 2016. Marine mammals in the Mediterranean Sea: an overview. In: G. Notarbartolo di Sciara, M. Podestà, B.E. Curry (Editors), Mediterranean marine mammal ecology and conservation. Advances in Marine Biology 75:1-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.amb.2016.08.005 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.amb.2016.08.005> Abstract: Despite being a small part of the world’s oceans, the Mediterranean Sea hosts a diverse marine mammal fauna, with a total of 28 different species known to occur or to have occurred in the region. Species currently recognised as regular in the Mediterranean – the Mediterranean monk seal Monachus monachus and 11 cetaceans (fin whale Balaenoptera physalus, sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus, Cuvier’s beaked whale Ziphius cavirostris, short-beaked common dolphin Delphinus delphis, long-finned pilot whale Globicephala melas, Risso’s dolphin Grampus griseus, killer whale Orcinus orca, striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba, rough-toothed dolphin Steno bredanensis, common bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus, harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena relicta) have adapted well to the region’s environmental conditions but their coexistence with humans is problematic. All the regular species are represented in the Mediterranean by populations genetically distinct from their North Atlantic relatives. Seventeen other species (three pinnipeds and 14 cetaceans) occur or have occurred in the Mediterranean as vagrants from adjacent regions. Impacts on the conservation status of marine mammals in the region deriving from a variety of threats include: a) mortality caused by deliberate killing, naval sonar, ship strikes, epizootics, fisheries bycatch, chemical pollution and ingestion of solid debris; b) short-term redistribution caused by naval sonar, seismic surveys, vessel disturbance and vessel noise; and c) long-term redistribution caused by fishery-induced food depletion, coastal development and possibly climate change. Accordingly, seven of the 12 marine mammals regular in the Mediterranean region are listed as Threatened on IUCN’s Red List; regrettably, three are still Data Deficient and two remain unassessed. The paper can be accessed from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S006528811630030X <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S006528811630030X> Alternatively, please send PDF requests to disciara(a)gmail.com <mailto:disciara@gmail.com> All the best, Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara

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New volume on Mediterranean marine mammal ecology and conservation
by Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara 23 Oct '16

23 Oct '16

Dear colleagues, I am pleased to announce the publication of a volume on “Mediterranean marine mammal ecology and conservation”, the last in the Advances in Marine Biology Series. Information on the volume can be found here: https://www.elsevier.com/books/mediterranean-marine-mammal-ecology-and-cons… <https://www.elsevier.com/books/mediterranean-marine-mammal-ecology-and-cons…> __________________________ Table of contents: Preface Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara, Michela Podestà and Barbara E. Curry 1. Marine Mammals in the Mediterranean Sea: An Overview G. Notarbartolo di Sciara 2. Mediterranean Sperm Whales, Physeter macrocephalus: The Precarious State of a Lost Tribe L. Rendell and A. Frantzis 3. Fin Whales, Balaenoptera physalus: At Home in a Changing Mediterranean Sea? G. Notarbartolo di Sciara, M. Castellote, J.-N. Druon and S. Panigada 4. Cuvier’s Beaked Whale, Ziphius cavirostris, Distribution and Occurrence in the Mediterranean Sea: High-Use Areas and Conservation Threats M. Podestà, A. Azzellino, A. Cañadas, A. Frantzis, A. Moulins, M. Rosso, P. Tepsich and C. Lanfredi 5. Conservation Status of Killer Whales, Orcinus orca, in the Strait of Gibraltar R. Esteban, P. Verborgh, P. Gauffier, D. Alarcón, J.M. Salazar-Sierra, J. Giménez, A.D. Foote and R. de Stephanis 6. Conservation Status of Long-Finned Pilot Whales, Globicephala melas, in the Mediterranean Sea P. Verborgh, P. Gauffier, R. Esteban, J. Giménez, A. Cañadas, J.M. Salazar-Sierra and R. de Stephanis 7. Risso’s Dolphin, Grampus griseus, in the Western Ligurian Sea: Trends in Population Size and Habitat Use A. Azzellino, S. Airoldi, S. Gaspari, C. Lanfredi, A. Moulins, M. Podestà, M. Rosso and P. Tepsich 8. The Rough-Toothed Dolphin, Steno bredanensis, in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: A Relict Population? D. Kerem, O. Goffman, M. Elasar, N. Hadar, A. Scheinin and T. Lewis 9. The Gulf of Ambracia’s Common Bottlenose Dolphins, Tursiops truncatus: A Highly Dense and yet Threatened Population J. Gonzalvo, G. Lauriano, P.S. Hammond, K.A. Viaud-Martinez, M.C. Fossi, A. Natoli and L. Marsili 10. Dolphins in a Scaled-Down Mediterranean: The Gulf of Corinth’s Odontocetes G. Bearzi, S. Bonizzoni, N.L. Santostasi, N.B. Furey, L. Eddy, V.D. Valavanis and O. Gimenez 11. Harbour Porpoises, Phocoena phocoena, in the Mediterranean Sea and Adjacent Regions: Biogeographic Relicts of the Last Glacial Period M. C. Fontaine 12. Are Mediterranean Monk Seals, Monachus monachus, Being Left to Save Themselves from Extinction? G. Notarbartolo di Sciara and S. Kotomatas 13. The International Legal Framework for Marine Mammal Conservation in the Mediterranean Sea T. Scovazzi ______________________ I was informed by Elsevier that I can share my author discount code ATR30 with friends and colleagues so they can receive 30% off and free shipping at store.elsevier.com <http://store.elsevier.com/>

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WCA Beaked Whale Advisory Group
by Clair Evers 21 Oct '16

21 Oct '16

Dear colleagues, The World Cetacean Alliance (WCA) has formed a Beaked Whale Advisory Group with the aim of prioritizing the need to move beaked whale species of conservation concern off the current IUCN Red List of Data Deficient species. To initiate discussion, the WCA has put together an initial list of the major threats that pertain to beaked whale species (see below). This list has been composed using information from the IUCN. We would like to invite the scientific community to review this list and highlight whether other threats or species should be considered. *List of Beaked Whale Threats:* *Climate change* · Arnoux's Beaked Whale · Gray's Beaked Whale · Hector's Beaked Whale · Strap-toothed Whale · True's Beaked Whale · Stejneger's Beaked Whale · Spade-toothed Whale *Restricted distribution* · Perrin's Beaked Whale *Noise* · Indo-pacific Beaked Whale · Blainville's Beaked Whale · Gervais' Beaked Whale · Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale · Cuvier's Beaked Whale · Northern Bottlenose Whale *Bycatch/entanglement/indirect or direct takes* · Andrew's Beaked Whale · Gervais' Beaked Whale · Gray's Beaked Whale · Hector's Beaked Whale · Strap-toothed Whale · True's Beaked Whale · Perrin's Beaked Whale · Pygmy Beaked Whale · Stejneger's Beaked Whale · Spade-toothed Whale · Cuvier's Beaked Whale We are currently completing a detailed literature search for each species to determine new information that has been published since the IUCN listings (available for review and additions on the beaked whale forum google group). With the help of the scientific community we aim to narrow down the list of species so that we can focus our efforts towards those that have the most information and/or deserve the most immediate attention. We hope to plan a targeted Beaked Whale Workshop focusing on the most important sites/species deemed by the group to be of conservation concern. Workshops will likely take place at the forthcoming ECS and SMM Conferences. We ask that those who would like to participate continue this discussion using our beaked whale forum google group. If you would like to join the Beaked Whale Advisory Group please contact clair@worldcetaceanall <clair(a)worldcetaceanalliance.org>iance.org <clair(a)worldcetaceanalliance.org> to be added to the google group. We look forward to welcoming you to our discussions, Clair Evers Beaked Whale Project Manager World Cetacean Alliance *T* +44 (0)1273 355011 E *clair*(a)worldcetaceanalliance.org W www.worldcetaceanalliance.org *A* Studio 3, Lower Promenade, Madeira Drive, Brighton, BN2 1ET, UK *The World Cetacean Alliance (WCA) is a Partnership of over 70 non-profit organisations, whale and dolphin watching tour operators and individuals in 35 countries worldwide working collaboratively to protect cetaceans and their habitats. World Cetacean Alliance, the Secretariat to the Partnership, is a UK registered Charity no. 1160484. * *The content of this e-mail is intended solely for the use of the individual or entity to whom it is addressed. If you have received this communication in error, be aware that forwarding it, copying it, or in any way disclosing its content to any other person, is strictly prohibited. If you have received this communication in error, please notify the author by replying to this e-mail immediately.* *Please consider the environment before printing this email or it's attachments. *

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New publication
by Michael Williamson 21 Oct '16

21 Oct '16

Dear MARMAM colleagues, It is with great pleasure that my co-authors and I would like to share our most recent publication in Marine Mammal Science: Michael J. Williamson, Rebecca A. Dunlop, Ailbhe S. Kavanagh, Michael J. Noad, Eric Kniest & Douglas H. Cato. (2016). The short term effect of tagging activities by small research vessels on the behaviour of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). Marine Mammal Science. 32, 1234-1253. Abstract: Small research vessels are often used as platforms for tagging activities to collect behavioral data on cetaceans and they have the potential to disturb that group or individual. If this disturbance is ignored, results and conclusions produced by that study could be inaccurate. Here land-based behavioral data of migrating humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) (n = 29) were used to determine the effect of close approaches for tagging by research vessels on their diving, movement and surface behaviors. Groups of whales were tagged, using digital recording tags, by small research vessels, as part of a behavioral response study. In groups that were approached for tagging, temporary changes in movement behaviors during close approaches were found, with subsequent recovery to "pre-approach" levels. In female-calf groups more long-term changes in travel speed were found. Results suggest that, although close approaches for tagging by small vessels may cause behavioral changes in humpback whales, this change may be small and temporary. However, in female-calf groups, the behavioral change may be greater and longer lasting. This study shows that when using small vessels for behavioral research, disturbance, and recovery should be measured to ensure integrity of data used for other analyses. Full text and PDF files can be downloaded here; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301668293_The_effect_of_close_appr… Alternatively, please send PDF requests to mikejwilliamson(a)outlook.com <mailto:mikejwilliamson@outlook.com> All the best, Mike Williamson

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