November 2012 - MARMAM - devlists.uvic.ca

Masters thesis on Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) in Sarawak, Malaysia
by Cindy Peter 20 Nov '12

20 Nov '12

Hi all, A PDF copy of my Masters thesis on Irrawaddy dolphins (*Orcaella brevirostris*) in Sarawak, Malaysia is available. Peter, C. 2012. Distribution patterns, habitat characteristics and population estimates of Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) in Kuching Bay, Sarawak. Msc Thesis. Insitute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation. Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. 120pp. ABSTRACT: Irrawaddy dolphins (*Orcaella brevirostris*) are known to be riverine and coastal dwelling animals which place them under pressure from human activities like fishing, coastal developments and environmental pollution. Previously, there was a lack of baseline information on the population of Irrawaddy dolphins that are present in Kuching Bay. This lack of data impeded conservation and management efforts, as no one could determine how many dolphins there are, how they are distributed on a fine scale, or what their preferred habitat characteristics are. In order to overcome this, small boat surveys were conducted in the Kuching Bay from June 2008-September 2010. The first objective of the study aimed to map the distribution patterns and determine the relative abundance of Irrawaddy dolphins in the waters of Kuching Bay. Surveys covered a total of 4,091 km and 317 hours. Irrawaddy dolphins were sighted 41 times on-effort representing an estimated total of 183 individuals. The mean encounter rate throughout the 44 days of survey was 0.30 sightings per hour. Analysis of encounter rates within 2km by 2km grid cells showed high densities of Irrawaddy dolphins in the Salak estuary, Bako peninsula and offshore of Telaga Air. The second objective was to define the habitat preferences of Irrawaddy dolphins by conducting water parameter samplings and measuring the physical characteristics of the sighting sites. Kruskal-Wallis U tests showed that the animals’ distributions are not significantly related to water temperature, pH, depth or distance to land. However the dolphin distribution was statistically significant for the different categories of salinity (p < 0.05) and distance to rivermouth (p < 0.05). Fisher’s exact test indicated that Irrawaddy dolphins are statistically more likely to be present in waters within a 6 km radius from rivermouths. Dolphins’ distributions are also affected by tide levels as Mann-Whitney U tests proved a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in dolphin distribution between tide levels lower than 2.0 m and tide levels higher than 2.0 m. The third objective of the study was to obtain absolute abundance estimates of Irrawaddy dolphins in Kuching Bay. This was achieved by using mark-recapture techniques on photo-identified individuals to generate population estimates for the Kuching study area. Based on this, the best estimate of the Irrawaddy dolphin population in Kuching Bay is 233 dolphins (CV = 22.5%, 95% CI 151-360). The fourth objective was to learn about the individual movement patterns of the Irrawaddy dolphins in Kuching Bay by identifying individual dolphins through photo-identification and plotting the observed locations of identified individuals. Seventeen individuals were photographed more than once and four individuals were photographed in both the Salak–Santubong and Bako–Buntal bays on a few occasions. The furthest distance an individual dolphin traveled between sighting locations in the study was approximately 40 km. In addition, resighted individuals were photographed across different survey months as well as different survey years. This study showed that the Irrawaddy dolphins of Kuching Bay prefer areas of lower salinity, closer to land and rivermouths, with tidal state also playing a significant role in their distribution. The estimate obtained in this study showed that the population in Kuching Bay is relatively small and the movement patterns analysis proved that several individual dolphins utilize both the Salak-Santubong Bay and Bako-Buntal Bay. Therefore, any management or conservation efforts for the Irrawaddy dolphins will need to be applied to both bays. Please let me know if you are interested in reading it and I will send a copy. Best Regards, Cindy Peter -- Cindy Peter, MSc (Marine Ecology) Sarawak Dolphin Project Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation University Malaysia Sarawak www.ibec.unimas.my/SDP2008

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Aquatic Mammals 38(4) available online
by Kathleen M. Dudzinski 20 Nov '12

20 Nov '12

Dear MARMAM and ECS-talk subscribers, Apologies to those of you who will receive duplicate emails due to cross-posting. The following titles represent the contents of the most recent issue (Volume 38, issue 4, 2012) of Aquatic Mammals. The online issue is now available. For individuals with a print subscription, the joint hard copy of 38.3/38.4 will be mailed in December. Aquatic Mammals is the longest running peer-reviewed journal dedicated to research on aquatic mammals and is published quarterly with manuscripts available as published PDFs in real time. Further information about the journal can be found at: http://www.aquaticmammalsjournal.org/ Instructions for authors and formatting guidelines can be found in the first volume of each issue and at this link: http://tinyurl.com/AMauthorinstructions To submit a manuscript for publication consideration, please visit: http://am.expressacademic.org/actions/author.php If you subscribe to Aquatic Mammals online, you can visit the journal web site and sign in to download all articles from this volume:http://www.aquaticmammalsjournal.org/ Please do not contact the listserve editors for PDFs or copies of the articles. To obtain a PDF, please subscribe to Aquatic Mammals http://tinyurl.com/AMsubscribe or contact the corresponding author for reprints. Links to a purchase page for each article are also included below. Please see list below for Volume 38, issue 4 contents. Thank you for your continued interest in the journal and abstract postings. With regards, Kathleen Dudzinski, Ph.D. Editor, Aquatic Mammals aquaticmammals(a)gmail.com ******************* Murayama , T., Usui , A., Takeda, E., Kato, K., Maejima, K. (2012). Relative Size Discrimination and Perception of the Ebbinghaus Illusion in a Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Aquatic Mammals 38(4): 333-342 http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/AM.38.4.2012.333 Haelters, J., Kerckhof, F., Jauniaux, T., Degraer, S. (2012). The Grey Seal (Halichoerus grypus) as a Predator of Harbour Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena)? Aquatic Mammals 38(4): 343-353 http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/AM.38.4.2012.343 Bergfelt, D.R., Thompson, Jr., D.L., Brown, J.L., Presley, N.A., West, K.L., Campbell, M., et al. (2012). Investigation of an Immunoreactive Chorionic Gonadotropin-Like Substance in the Placenta, Serum, and Urine of Pregnant Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Aquatic Mammals 38(4): 354-361 http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/AM.38.4.2012.354 Miller, P.J.O., Kvadsheim, P.H., Lam, F-P.A., Wensveen, P.J., Antunes, R., Alves, A.C., et al. (2012). The Severity of Behavioral Changes Observed During Experimental Exposures of Killer (Orcinus orca), Long-Finned Pilot (Globicephala melas), and Sperm (Physeter macrocephalus) Whales to Naval Sonar. Aquatic Mammals 38(4): 362-401 http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/AM.38.4.2012.362 Eigeland, K.A., Lanyon, J.M., Trott, D.J., Ouwerkerk, D., Blanshard, W., Milinovich, G.J., et al. (2012). Bacterial Community Structure in the Hindgut of Wild and Captive Dugongs (Dugong dugon). Aquatic Mammals 38(4): 402-411 http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/AM.38.4.2012.402 Bossart, G., Arheart, K., Hunt, M., Clauss, T., Leppert, L., Roberts, K., et al. (2012). Protein Electrophoresis of Serum from Healthy Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Aquatic Mammals 38(4): 412-417 http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/AM.38.4.2012.412 Short Notes Owen, K., Dunlop, R., Donnelly, D. (2012). Seaweed Interactions by Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae): A Form of Object Play? Aquatic Mammals 38(4): 418-422 http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/AM.38.4.2012.418 Kot, B.K., Morisaka, T., Sears, R., Samuelson, D., Marshall, C.D. (2012). Low Prevalence of Visual Impairment in a Coastal Population of Gray Seals (Halichoerus grypus) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada Aquatic Mammals 38(4): 423-427 http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/AM.38.4.2012.423 Horback, K.M., Muraco, H., Kuczaj II, S.A. (2012). Variations in Interspecific Behavior Throughout the Estrous Cycle of a Killer Whale (Orcinus orca). Aquatic Mammals 38(4): 428-434 http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/AM.38.4.2012.428 Araújo, C.C., John Y. Wang, J.Y. (2012). Botos (Inia geoffrensis) in the Upper Reaches of the Tocantins River (Central Brazil) with Observations of Unusual Behavior, Including Object Carrying. Aquatic Mammals 38(4): 435-440 http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/AM.38.4.2012.435 Historical Perspectives Notarbartolo di Sciara, G. (2012). Ancient Waves, Recent Concerns: The Budding of Marine Mammal Conservation Science in Italy. Aquatic Mammals 38(4): 441-455 http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/AM.38.4.2012.441 Obituary Bloom, P. (2012). Obituary: Reginald Bloom. Aquatic Mammals 38(4): 456-457 http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/AM.38.4.2012.456

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IBAC symposia deadline postponed to November 30th.
by Felipe Penin 20 Nov '12

20 Nov '12

Dear all, After receiving a few requests the scientific committee has decided to delay symposia submission deadline. We would hate to think we lost high quality proposals due to couple of days. So, the deadline is now November 30th. We hope to receive proposals from those that have required more time, but we take this opportunity to everyone. This is the last call for symposia proposals, and due to time limitations we may not delay it any further. If you were thinking about submitting a proposal and lost the chance by a couple of days, this is your last chance! I hope many people will take advantage of this opportunity. We now have enough material to guarantee a wide symposia scope, just as we expected to have. Either way, it would not hurt to have some more. All the best, Felipe Penin Organizing Committee

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Research internship at Blue World Institute of Marine Research and Conservation
by tihana vučur 20 Nov '12

20 Nov '12

The Adriatic Dolphin project is the main scientific project of the Blue World Institute of Marine Research and Conservation, a non - profit organisation dedicated to research and conservation of the Adriatic bottlenose dolphins with field bases on Croatian islands of Lošinj (Northern Adriatic, Kvarnerić) and Vis (Central Adriatic, Dalmatia). Lošinj field base is currently accepting internship applications for the period winter/spring of 2013. The internship offers an excellent opportunity for qualified and motivated individuals to obtain experience and training in the collection and elaboration of the scientific data. Gaining also practice and knowledge in the field of marine biology with the main emphasis on studying the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) ecology under the mentorship of experienced marine biologists. Find more information on this project on: www.blue-world.org/media/files/Internship_Info_2012-2013.pdf For any other information contact Tihana Vučur on tihanavucur10(a)gmail.com

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new paper on milk composition of New Zealand sea lions
by Federico Riet 19 Nov '12

19 Nov '12

Dear Colleagues, We are pleased to announce a new publication in the Journal of Mammalogy: Interannual and individual variation in milk composition of New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri) 2012. Federico G. Riet-Sapriza, Pádraig J. Duignan, B. Louise Chilvers, Ian S. Wilkinson, Nicolás Lopez-Villalobos, Duncan D. S. Mackenzie, Alastair MacGibbon, Dan P. Costa, and Nick Gales Journal of Mammalogy, 93(4):1006-1016. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/11-MAMM-A-220.2 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1644/11-MAMM-A-220.2 Correspondent: frietsapriza(a)gmail.com ABSTRACT: In this study 308 milk samples were collected and analyzed from 181 individual female New Zealand sea lions (NZ sea lions; Phocarctos hookeri) breeding on Enderby Island (Auckland Islands). Samples were collected from the 1st part of early lactation (January and February) over a period of 7 years (1997, 1999–2003, and 2005). The effect of year, month, and maternal characteristics (body mass, body condition index [BCI], and age class) on the composition of milk was evaluated using a mixed model for repeated measures. The gross composition (6 SD) of the milk was lipid (21.3% 6 8.1%), protein (9.4% 6 2.4%), water (67.9% 6 8.8%), ash (0.48% 6 0.06%), and energy content (10.3 6 3.2 kJ/g). Overall, the quality of milk of the NZ sea lions in this study was relatively lower in solids and fats than that of other pinnipeds and, in particular, other sea lion species. There were significant effects of year and month on the concentration of lipids in milk, and of year and maternal age class on maternal body mass and BCI. There were significant relationships between various maternal characteristics and milk composition. Thus, the concentration of milk lipids was significantly correlated with maternal BCI, body mass, and pup age. Given that NZ sea lions are a nationally critical species in decline, the relationship between the temporal (yearly and monthly) variations in milk composition, maternal body mass, reproductive success, and changes in food supply in relation to natural perturbations or fisheries resource competition warrants further investigation to disentangle this relationship and implement appropriate management initiatives.

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Re: [MARMAM] SEAMAMMS Conference March 22-24, 2013
by Richmond, Julie 19 Nov '12

19 Nov '12

[cid:image007.jpg@01CDC67E.4DAE9B40] The 2013 Southeast and Mid-Atlantic Marine Mammal Symposium (SEAMAMMS) will take place March 22-24, 2013, in Jacksonville FL hosted by the University of North Florida<http://www.unf.edu/coas/biology/>. SEAMAMMS is a forum for biologists conducting research on all species of marine mammals in waters from New Jersey to Texas. The purpose of the conference is to bring together scientists and students to present their latest research results in a regional, student-oriented meeting format. SEAMAMMS provides an opportunity for undergraduate and graduate students to present their research to their colleagues. Awards will be given for the best student oral and poster presentations. The 2013 conference will mark the twentieth year for this productive annual meeting. The deadline to submit an abstract is 8 February 2013 at 5:00 pm. You will be notified if your abstract has been accepted by 15 February 2013. Online early registration must be completed by 1 March 2013. There will be a mixer on Friday night, followed by presentations all day Saturday and Sunday morning. A banquet will be held on Saturday night and a business meeting will be held on Sunday morning to conclude the conference. All activities will take place on the campus of the University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida. More information will be posted on the website (http://www.unf.edu/coas/biology/SEAMAMMS.aspx) in the coming weeks. [cid:image009.jpg@01CDC67E.4DAE9B40] [cid:image011.jpg@01CDC67E.4DAE9B40]Contact: Dr. Julie Richmond 1 UNF Drive Jacksonville, Florida 32224 (904)620-2883 j.richmond(a)unf.edu<mailto:j.richmond@unf.edu>

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Job Posting: Project Manager - Marine Species Monitoring Program
by Fredericksen, John 19 Nov '12

19 Nov '12

HDR EOC is currently in need of a Project Manager - Marine Species Monitoring Program for our San Diego, CA office. The ideal candidate will have project management consulting expertise along with an extensive knowledge of Marine Science emphasizing the effects of underwater sound to marine mammals as well as experience monitoring marine mammal abundance, distribution, and/or behavioral responses to stimuli. This individual must possess excellent communication skills, a demonstrated history of reliability, strong work ethic, solid time management skills, and a demonstrated history of team-oriented performance. This position will assist in a wide range of project management and team support roles with our current clients and expand our client-base in the San Diego area with an anticipated concentration of work assignments concentrated on the Southern California and Pacific Northwest region. Travel up to 25% may be required. Requirements Masters Degree in Marine Biology or a related field strongly preferred. Excellent verbal and written communication skills a must. Demonstrated history of reliability, strong work ethic, solid time management skills are all required. Successful candidates must have a minimum of 3+ years of experience managing scientific research projects focused on marine mammal biology in a consulting or university-related research capacity; ideally this would include a background of direct interface with customers, and regulatory experience in a combination of Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) and Endangered Species Act (ESA) compliance. Candidates must also be highly proficient in writing procedures, guides and/or studies. Qualified candidates must have the ability to obtain a security clearance at the secret level. Due to client contract requirements, only candidates with US citizenship will be considered for this position, as permitted pursuant to section 274B(a)(2)(C) of the Immigration and Nationality Act. IN ORDER TO APPLY, please visit the 'Careers' section of our website, https://prod.fadvhms.com/hdr/jobboard/searchjobs.aspx?__VT=ExtCan , and reference job # 121169. For more information about HDR, Inc., please visit www.hdrinc.com<http://www.hdrinc.com>.

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Masters in Conservation Leadership - applications now open for 2013 entry
by Godley, Brendan 19 Nov '12

19 Nov '12

Dear Listers Please see below for the call for application for the Cambridge Conservation MSc. They have substantial funding support for students from across the world. With kind regards Brendan Prof. Brendan J. Godley Chair in Conservation Science Centre for Ecology & Conservation University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus TR10 9EZ, UK Tel: +44 1326 371 861 http://biosciences.exeter.ac.uk/staff/index.php?web_id=brendan_godley http://www.linkedin.com/in/brendangodley https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Brendan_Godley/ http://www.seaturtle.org/mtrg/ Editor-in-Chief, Endangered Species Research http://www.int-res.com/journals/esr/ ---------- Forwarded message ---------- From: Emily Chenery <ec460(a)cam.ac.uk<mailto:ec460@cam.ac.uk>> Date: Mon, Nov 19, 2012 at 10:43 AM Subject: Masters in Conservation Leadership - applications now open for 2013 entry To: Biodiversity Info Mailing List <biodiversity-l(a)lists.iisd.ca<mailto:biodiversity-l@lists.iisd.ca>> Masters in Conservation Leadership Applications and scholarship support for October 2013 The MPhil degree in Conservation Leadership at the University of Cambridge is a full-time, 11-month course aimed at graduates of leadership potential with at least three to five years of relevant experience in biodiversity conservation. Based in the University's Department of Geography, a unique feature of this course is its delivery by members of the Cambridge Conservation Initiative (CCI), a partnership between six university departments and nine conservation organisations or networks based in and around Cambridge. The teaching focuses on issues of management and leadership, with the dual goals of developing conservationists with enhanced research skills and a greater awareness of the complex drivers of biodiversity loss, while also developing their ability to act and lead effectively. Consequently, the course aims to deliver a world-class and interdisciplinary education in Conservation Leadership that is not available elsewhere. * We now welcome applications for entry to the course in October 2013. For further details on how to apply, please visit the course website: www.geog.cam.ac.uk/graduate/mphil/conservation<http://www.geog.cam.ac.uk/graduate/mphil/conservation> * The final closing date for all applications is 28 March 2013. * Applicants wishing to apply for funding from the Cambridge Trusts should apply by 1 December 2012. We are pleased to confirm that the Miriam Rothschild Scholarship Programme in Conservation Leadership will continue to provide scholarship support to students from less developed and developing countries that are rich in biodiversity, to attend the MPhil in Conservation Leadership. The number and size of these will vary from full scholarships, to partial scholarships that cover specific aspects of the funding package required by students. Nevertheless, applicants are also encouraged to seek out funding opportunities that might be available locally or nationally. If you have any queries about making an application, please contact Emily Chenery, Programme Administrator: emily.chenery(a)geog.cam.ac.uk<mailto:emily.chenery@geog.cam.ac.uk>

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New publication: Skeletal abnormalities in humpback whales - Brazil
by Kátia R. Groch 17 Nov '12

17 Nov '12

Dear Colleagues, We are pleased to announce a new publication in Diseases of Aquatic Organisms: Groch KR, Marcondes MC, Colosio AC, Catão-Dias JL (2012) Skeletal abnormalities in humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae stranded in the Brazilian breeding ground. Dis Aquat Organ 101:145-158 ABSTRACT: Skeletal tissues of 49 humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae that stranded between 2002 and 2011 along the Abrolhos Bank seashore and its adjacent waters in Brazil were studied. Twelve (24.5%) animals presented pathological changes in one or more bones. Degenerative changes and developmental malformations were most frequent (10.2% each), followed by inflammatory/infectious and traumatic lesions (8.2% each). Infectious diseases led to severe lesions of the caudal vertebrae of 2 whales. In one of these individuals, the lesions involved 6 caudal vertebrae, leading to ankylosis of 3 vertebrae. Degenerative changes were observed in the vertebral columns of 3 animals, involving the joints of 13 ribs of 1 individual, and in the humerus of 1 whale. Traumatic lesions, such as osseous callus in the ribs, were observed in 4 animals. In 1 whale, the rib showed severe osteomyelitis, possibly resulting from the infection of multiple fractures. Developmental abnormalities such as spina bifida on 3 cervical vertebrae of 1 whale, fusion of spinal processes on thoracic vertebrae of 1 individual and fusion of the first 2 ribs unilaterally or bilaterally in 4 animals were found. Chronic infectious conditions found in the axial skeleton may have restrained spinal mobility and had detrimental effects on the general health of the animals, contributing to stranding and death. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic study on skeletal lesions in stranded humpback whales. Available at: <http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/dao/v101/n2/p145-158/> http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/dao/v101/n2/p145-158/ DOI: 10.3354/dao02518 PDF copies are available upon request to <mailto:kgroch@terra.com.br> kgroch(a)terra.com.br Please, contact me if you have any questions. Kind regards, Kátia ============================================== Méd. Vet. Kátia R. Groch Doutoranda Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens - LAPCOM Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade de São Paulo <http://lapcom-usp.blogspot.com/p/quem-somos.html> http://lapcom-usp.blogspot.com/p/quem-somos.html Email: katia.groch(a)usp.br Cel: (11) 98440-7442

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New publication on pinniped 'personalities'
by TWISS S.D. 17 Nov '12

17 Nov '12

Dear Colleagues, My co-authors and I are pleased to announce that a new publication is now available concerning fitness consequences of behavioural types ('personalities') in grey seals. "Variation in Female Grey Seal (Halichoerus grypus) Reproductive Performance Correlates to Proactive-Reactive Behavioural Types." PLoS ONE 7(11): e49598. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049598 Twiss SD, Cairns C, Culloch RM, Richards SA, Pomeroy PP (2012) http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0049598 Abstract: Consistent individual differences (CIDs) in behaviour, indicative of behavioural types or personalities, have been shown in taxa ranging from Cnidaria to Mammalia. However, despite numerous theoretical explanations there remains limited empirical evidence for selective mechanisms that maintain such variation within natural populations. We examined behavioural types and fitness proxies in wild female grey seals at the North Rona breeding colony. Experiments in 2009 and 2010 employed a remotely-controlled vehicle to deliver a novel auditory stimulus to females to elicit changes in pup-checking behaviour. Mothers tested twice during lactation exhibited highly repeatable individual pup-checking rates within and across breeding seasons. Observations of undisturbed mothers (i.e. experiencing no disturbance from conspecifics or experimental test) also revealed CIDs in pup-checking behaviour. However, there was no correlation between an individuals’ pup-checking rate during undisturbed observations with the rate in response to the auditory test, indicating plasticity across situations. The extent to which individuals changed rates of pup-checking from undisturbed to disturbed conditions revealed a continuum of behavioural types from proactive females, who maintained a similar rate throughout, to reactive females, who increased pup-checking markedly in response to the test. Variation in maternal expenditure (daily mass loss rate) was greater among more reactive mothers than proactive mothers. Consequently pups of more reactive mothers had more varied growth rates centred around the long-term population mean. These patterns could not be accounted for by other measured covariates as behavioural type was unrelated to a mother’s prior experience, degree of inter-annual site fidelity, physical characteristics of their pupping habitat, pup sex or pup activity. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that variation in behavioural types is maintained by spatial and temporal environmental variation combined with limits to phenotype-environment matching. Best wishes Sean _________________________________ Dr. Sean Twiss, Lecturer in Behavioural Ecology, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, South Road, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK. E-mail: s.d.twiss(a)durham.ac.uk Web-site: https://www.dur.ac.uk/biosciences/about/schoolstaff/academicstaff/?id=1132 Blog: http://sealbehaviour.wordpress.com/ Tel: +44 (0)191 334 1350 (office) Tel: +44 (0)191 334 1247 (lab) Fax: +44 (0)191 334 1201 _________________________________

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