August 2010 - MARMAM - devlists.uvic.ca

Article on a new killer whale morphotype (Robert Pitman)
by Robert.Pitman 20 Aug '10

20 Aug '10

The following article was just published online in /Polar Biology/: DOI 10.1007/s00300-010-0871-3 Observations of a distinctive morphotype of killer whale (/Orcinus orca/), type D, from subantarctic waters R. L. Pitman, J. W. Durban, M. Greenfelder, C. Guinet, M. Jorgensen, P. A. Olson, J. Plana, P. Tixier, J. R. Towers Abstract Studies have shown that killer whale (/Orcinus orca/) communities in high latitudes regularly comprise assemblages of sympatric ‘ecotypes’—forms that differ in morphology, behavior, and prey preferences. Although they can appear superficially similar, recent genetic evidence suggests that breeding is assortative among ecotypes within individual communities, and species-level divergences are inferred in some cases. Here, we provide information on a recently recognized ‘type D’ killer whale based on photographs of a 1955 mass stranding in New Zealand and our own six at-sea sightings since 2004. It is the most distinctive-looking form of killer whale that we know of, immediately recognizable by its extremely small white eye patch. Its geographic range appears to be circumglobal in subantarctic waters between latitudes 40°S and 60°S. School sizes are relatively large (mean 17.6; range 9–35; n = 7), and although nothing is known about the type D diet, it is suspected to include fish because groups have been photographed around longline vessels where they reportedly depredate Patagonian toothfish (/Dissostichus eleginoides/). PDF available from robert.pitman(a)noaa.gov <mailto:robert.pitman@noaa.gov> -- ********************* Robert L. Pitman Protected Resources Division Southwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 8604 La Jolla Shores Drive La Jolla, California 92037 858-546-7092 phone 858-546-7003 fax robert.pitman(a)noaa.gov http://swfsc.noaa.gov/prd.aspx *********************

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new paper
by Clÿffffe1udia Faustino 19 Aug '10

19 Aug '10

Dear Marmam members, The following paper has recently been published- Faustino, C.E.S., Silva, M.A., Marques, T.A. and Thomas, L. 2010. Designing a shipboard line transect survey to estimate cetacean abundance off the Azores archipelago. Arquipélago. Life and Marine Sciences 27: 49-58. You can download it from http://www.horta.uac.pt/intradop//index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id… or request to cf(a)smru.co.uk Abstract Management schemes dedicated to the conservation of wildlife populations rely on the effective monitoring of population size, and this may require the accurate and precise estimation of this parameter. Line transect distance sampling can be an effective approach for estimating abundance. Little information is available regarding cetacean abundance in the Azores. This paper had two aims: 1) to design a line transect shipboard survey to estimate the absolute abundance of the most common cetaceans off the Azores; and 2) to provide a set of potential survey effort scenarios to policy makers and environmental managers. Three survey scenarios are assessed, and one detailed survey design is presented. A total of 8,800 km of survey effort is recommended; at this level the expected coefficient of variation of estimates is less than 0.3 for most species. However, if logistic constraints prevent this, at least 5,000 km of survey effort should be used to achieve minimum sample size requirements; this is estimated to take 36 days of effort. It is also recommended to conduct a pilot survey. This would provide more detailed information that could be used to improve the survey design of what would be the first survey of this magnitude ever to be implemented in the Azores. best regards! Cláudia Faustino Research Scientist Scottish Oceans Institute SMRU Limited New Technology Centre North Haugh ST ANDREWS Fife KY16 9SR email: cf(a)smru.co.uk www.smru.co.uk http://soi.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Tel: + 44 (0) 1334 466 900 Fax: + 44 (0) 1334 477 878 Notice of Confidentiality: this email has been sent by SMRU Limited, Registered Company No: 296937. This message, and any attachments, are intended solely for the addressee and may contain privileged or confidential information. If you are not the intended recipient, any disclosure, copying, distribution or action taken or omitted to be taken in reliance on it, is prohibited and may be unlawful. If you believe that you have received this email in error, please contact the sender immediately and destroy this email. Although we have taken steps to ensure that this email and any attachments are free from any virus, we advise that, in keeping with good computing practice, the recipient should ensure they are actually virus free.

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Job vacancy: Critical Habitat/ Marine Protected Areas Programme Assistant
by Sonja Eisfeld 19 Aug '10

19 Aug '10

Apologies for cross posting! Current job vacancy with the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society (WDCS): Critical Habitat/ Marine Protected Areas Programme Assistant STRICTLY NO AGENCIES The ideal candidate will be a well-organized self-starter who can work from home or anywhere and having good computer skills with your own laptop, proficiency with MS Office. £10,000/yr for 12 days a month (equivalent to half-time or roughly 2.5 days/week). Consultancy does not include salary benefits; payments would be made in full with responsibility of consultant to report income to Inland Revenue. Basic expenses covered for essential meetings, as agreed. Consultancy could be based partly or entirely at Chippenham office of WDCS, and/or from home for some/ extended periods, subject to further discussion. More info on job description, how to apply, application form and equal opportunities form can be found at http://www.wdcs.org.uk/jobs.php The deadline for applications is 16th September. Please send completed forms to erich.hoyt(a)wdcs.org writing CHPA0810 Application in the subject line.

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skeletons of kiler whales
by Pavel Gol'din 17 Aug '10

17 Aug '10

Dear colleagues, I am studying skeleton of killer whales worldwide. My question is primarily to curators and researchers of museum collections. Does anyone have skulls, flippers, or whole skeletons of killer whales with known ages, estimated ages, or at least estimated age category, and with known sex? I will be extremely grateful for any information. Best regards, Pavel Dr Pavel E. Gol'din, Department of Zoology, V.I. Vernadsky Taurida National University, Simferopol, Ukraine

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Associate Scientist Right Whale Habitat - Provincetown, MA USA
by Stephanie Richardson 15 Aug '10

15 Aug '10

Associate Scientist – Right Whale Habitat Studies Provincetown, MA USA The Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies is seeking a full-time Associate Scientist for the Right Whale Habitat Studies Program. Responsibilities: Conducting zooplankton sampling, behavioral studies and photo-ID, ID of zooplankton samples, and database managmenet. Training and supervision of personnel, data analysis and report preparation. Qualifications: M.S.in Marine Biology and 1 year experience. Please visit our website for further details, www.coastalstudies.org. Submit cover letter, resume and references by 8/27/10 to: Stephanie Richardson Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies 115 Bradford Street Provincetown, MA 02657 srichardson(a)coastalstudies.org -- Stephanie Richardson Human Resource Manager Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies 115 Bradford Street Provincetown, MA 02652 t. (508) 487-3622 Ext. 113 f. (508) 487-4495 Office Hours: Mon., Wed., Fri. 9:00-12:00

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Director Right Whale Aerial Survey - Provincetown, MA USA
by Stephanie Richardson 15 Aug '10

15 Aug '10

Director - Right Whale Aerial Survey Provincetown, MA USA The Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies is seeking a Director for its Right Whale Aerial Survey program. Responsibilities: management of all aspects of the program and budget, organizing survey flights, some flying, staff supervision. Management of all safety protocol and permits, data analysis to complete annual report. Qualifications: Ph.D. or Ph.D. candidacy in a relevant field, grant writing and project management experience. Please visit our website for further details www.coastalstudies.org Send cover letter, resume and references no later than 8/27/10 to: Stephanie Richardson Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies 115 Bradford Street Provincetown, MA 02657 srichardson(a)coastalstudies.org -- Stephanie Richardson Human Resource Manager Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies 115 Bradford Street Provincetown, MA 02652 t. (508) 487-3622 Ext. 113 f. (508) 487-4495 Office Hours: Mon., Wed., Fri. 9:00-12:00

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Volunteer assistants are requested to study large whales and dolphins off Sardinia
by Bruno Diaz 15 Aug '10

15 Aug '10

Volunteer assistants are requested to study large whales and dolphins off Sardinia The Bottlenose Dolphin Research Institute BDRI is a marine science and education centre committed to conserving the diversity and integrity of marine life. We are looking for volunteers to participate in our new research project: "Large whales & Dolphins off Sardinia Island" from September to November 2010. Data are collected from multiple platforms including shore and research vessel based platforms. The behaviour and distribution of large cetaceans (fin whales and sperm whales) observed off Sardinia is still unknown. While some animals could be in migration between the Ligurian and Thyrrenian Sea others could be mainly engaged in foraging activities. Moreover ,we are also interested in the study of bottlenose dolphins use of habitat off Sardinia. Dedicated to those who are interested to participate to marine mammals research and conservation campaigns. No background knowledge of biology is required. You will assist researchers with data collection and recording while on the boat, helping to locate and keep track of cetaceans, recording behavioural data, environmental information and recording sounds, video or photos. Assistants will be required to assist in the creation of data layers by entering data into a GIS and learn to use some basic GIS tools. Data entry and management, equipment maintenance, and other office and lab tasks will be required. Benefits and advantages of the program: - Travel and explore new places - Get involved in marine mammals research - Gain fieldwork experience - Learn to use different research instruments: GPS, Hydrophone, Secchi disk, digital SLR camera, sonar, camcorder, anemometer, compass, etc - Help advance our knowledge of cetaceans to improve their conservation - Meet interesting people - Enjoy the outdoors of the beautiful Emerald Coast (Sardinia Island, Italy) - Enjoy the culinary talents of others and express your own. There is no deadline to apply. However, approved applications are accepted on a first-come, first serve basis. Apply early! Positions are open until filled. Please download the Volunteer opportunities general information at:http://www.thebdri.com/resources/downloads/volunteers.pdf Further information can be found on our website (www.thebdri.com) or by e-mail at education(a)thebdri.com Bruno Diaz Lopez Chief Researcher / Marine Zoologist Bottlenose Dolphin Research Institute BDRI V.Armando Diaz Nº4 07020 Golfo Aranci (SS) Italy www.thebdri.com info(a)thebdri.com tel.+ 39 346 081 5414 tel. + 0789 183 1197

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Deadline reminder for proposals for the 2nd International Marine Conservation Congress
by Dori Dick 14 Aug '10

14 Aug '10

*****PLEASE SEE BELOW***** The deadline for proposals for symposia, workshops, and focus groups for the 2nd International Marine Conservation Congress/Making Marine Science Matter/, which will be held from 14-18 May 2011 at the Victoria Convention Centre, Victoria BC, Canada, is quickly approaching. All proposals must be submitted by 5pm (GMT) on 31 August 2010. You can find the proposal guidelines and link to the electronic submission page on the IMCC web site: http://www.conbio.org/IMCC2011/. For additional information contact the program committee at IMCCprogram(a)gmail.com. We appreciate your support and look forward to working with you on this very exciting conference. Sincerely, Dr. Ellen Hines Conference Chair IMCC2Chair(a)gmail.com Ms. Laura Joan Feyrer, Local Secretariat IMCC.Victoria(a)gmail.com cc: Dr. Chris Parsons, and Dr. John Cigilano Scientific Programme Chairs

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Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) - Training Course
by Fiona Skilbeck 10 Aug '10

10 Aug '10

The use of Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) is becoming an increasingly important tool in both marine mammal research and applied in industry. It is important that individuals using any passive acoustic monitoring software are properly trained to use the software to maximise its full potential. Feedback from users is also important in the ongoing development of such software. PAMGUARD is currently funded by the OGP E&P Sound and Marine Life Joint Industry Program and has been established to address the fundamental limitations of existing cetacean passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) software capabilities. PAMGUARD seeks to provide open-source PAM software based on a platform-independent (e.g. Windows or Linux), flexible, modular architecture. The open-source aspect of software development is facilitated through the project's presence on SourceForge, where a community of altruistic developers provides extra resources. This community currently includes developers with proven PAM experience from both the UK and the USA. Open development means that the software is free and access to the code is easy and assured. It also allows the code's copyright to be protected in perpetuity so that it cannot readily be closed and commercialised to the detriment of its users. It ultimately means that more people have access for development. This generally speeds up innovations and improves the performance and maintainability of the code. SMRU Ltd are running a PAMGUARD Training course on the 26th - 27th August 2010 in St Andrews and there are still a few places available. The course will be lead by Dr Doug Gillespie of St Andrews University, one of the principle architects of the Pamguard software. If you are interested in attending the course please see the Pamguard website for further details: http://www.pamguard.org/training.shtml <http://www.pamguard.org/training.shtml> or email info(a)smru.co.uk <mailto:info@smru.co.uk> Best wishes Fiona Fiona Skilbeck Office Manager SMRU Limited Scottish Oceans Institute New Technology Centre North Haugh ST ANDREWS Fife KY16 9SR D: + 44 (0)1334 466901 T: + 44 (0)1334 479100 F: + 44 (0)1334 477878 E: fas(a)smru.co.uk <mailto:fas@smru.co.uk> W: www.smru.co.uk <http://www.smru.co.uk/> http://soi.st-andrews.ac.uk <http://soi.st-andrews.ac.uk/> P Please consider whether you really need a hard copy of this email before printing it - thank you. NOTICE OF CONFIDENTIALITY: This message, and any attachments, are intended solely for the addressee and may contain privileged or confidential information. If you are not the intended recipient, any disclosure, copying, distribution or action taken or omitted to be taken in reliance on it, is prohibited and may be unlawful. If you believe that you have received this email in error, please contact the sender immediately and destroy this email. Although we have taken steps to ensure that this email and any attachments are free from any virus, we advise that, in keeping with good computing practice, the recipient should ensure they are actually virus free. SMRU LIMITED is a limited company registered in Scotland, Registered Number: 296937. Registered Office: 5 Atholl Crescent, Edinburgh EH3 8EJ.

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Marine Mammal Ecology and Conservation: A Handbook of Techniques
by Ian Boyd 10 Aug '10

10 Aug '10

The following book was published on 5 August 2010: Marine Mammal Ecology and Conservation: A Handbook of Techniques Edited by Ian L. Boyd, W. Don Bowen and Sara J. Iverson Oxford University Press http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199216574.do Contents List of abbreviations xviii List of contributors xxiii Ch 1 Ethics in marine mammal science Nick J. Gales, David Johnston, Charles Littnan, and Ian L. Boyd 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 Ethics: defining the boundaries between right and wrong 3 1.1.2 Financial and professional costs of compliance 4 1.1.3 Keeping the research ethics and conservation ethics apart 5 1.2 Guiding principles 6 1.2.1 Science for the common good 6 1.2.2 Principle 1 6 1.2.3 Principle 2 7 1.2.4 Principle 3 7 1.2.5 Principle 4 7 1.2.6 Principle 5 8 1.3 The role of professional societies in developing and maintaining ethics in marine mammal science 8 1.4 The 3 Rs (refinement, reduction, and replacement) 9 1.5 Type I and Type II errors 11 1.6 Best practice 12 1.6.1 Threatened versus abundant 12 1.6.2 Timing and location 13 1.6.3 Experimental procedures and equipment 13 1.6.4 Training 13 1.6.5 Environmental considerations 13 1.6.6 Cultural consideration 14 1.6.7 Decision analysis frameworks and cost–benefit analyses 14 1.7 Summary 15 Ch2 Marking and capturing Tom Loughlin, Louise Cunningham, Nick J. Gales, Randall Wells, and Ian L. Boyd 2.1 Introduction 16 2.2 Applying marks 17 2.2.1 Flipper tagging pinnipeds 17 2.2.2 Discovery tags 19 2.2.3 PIT tags 19 2.2.4 Hot-iron branding 20 2.2.5 Freeze-branding 21 2.2.6 Fur clipping 23 2.2.7 Dye marking 23 2.2.8 Dorsal fin tags on cetaceans 24 2.3 Photo-identification 25 2.3.1 Strengths and weaknesses 26 2.3.2 Application 26 2.3.3 Pattern recognition methods 26 2.3.4 Assessing errors 28 2.4 Capture and restraint 28 2.4.1 Techniques for restraint in pinnipeds 29 2.4.2 Chemical restraint and immobilization in pinnipeds 33 2.4.3 Techniques for capture–release of cetaceans 35 2.4.4 Techniques for restraint and handling 38 2.4.5 Risks to cetaceans during capture and handling 39 2.5 Risks to researchers during marine mammal capture and handling 40 Ch3 Estimating the abundance of marine mammals Philip S. Hammond 3.1 Introduction 42 3.2 Extrapolation of counts 44 3.3 Mark–recapture methods 45 3.3.1 Assumptions in theory and practice 47 3.3.2 Data collection 49 3.3.3 Analysis 51 3.4 Line transect sampling 53 3.4.1 Assumptions in theory and practice 55 3.4.2 Extensions and variants of conventional line transect sampling 56 3.4.3 Data collection on visual line transect surveys 59 3.4.4 Analysis 63 3.5 Concluding remarks 65 3.6 Acknowledgements 67 Ch4 The spatial analysis of marine mammal abundance Jason Matthiopoulos and Geert Aarts 4.1 Introduction 68 4.2 The importance of life history 69 4.3 Usage data and sampling design 72 4.4 Basic concepts and challenges 75 4.5 Pre-processing 81 x j Contents 4.6 Analysis techniques 82 4.7 The spatial analyst’s software toolbox 91 4.8 Prospects and trends 95 Ch5 Morphometrics, age estimation, and growth W. Don Bowen and Simon Northridge 5.1 Introduction 98 5.2 Standard morphometrics 98 5.2.1 General issues 98 5.2.2 Body condition 100 5.2.3 Standard measurements 101 5.3 Age determination 107 5.3.1 Dental growth layers 108 5.3.2 Other age-structured material 114 5.3.3 Chemical methods 115 5.4 Growth rates 116 5.5 Conclusions 117 Ch6 Vital rates and population dynamics Jason D. Baker, Andrew Westgate, and Tomo Eguchi 6.1 Introduction 119 6.2 Reproductive rate 120 6.2.1 Description of parameters 120 6.2.2 Techniques 123 6.3 Survival rate 126 6.3.1 Cross-sectional age structure analysis 126 6.3.2 Capture–recapture 127 6.3.3 Study design considerations 131 6.3.4 Model selection 132 6.3.5 Multi-state models 134 6.3.6 Recoveries from dead animals 134 6.3.7 Robust design 135 6.4 Population models 135 6.4.1 Exponential and geometric models 136 6.4.2 Matrix models 137 6.4.3 Incorporating uncertainty: deterministic versus stochastic models 138 6.4.4 Density dependence 139 6.4.5 Individual-based models (IBM) 140 6.4.6 Population viability analysis (PVA) 141 6.4.7 Bayesian approach to modelling 142 6.4.8 Model fit and selection 142 Ch7 Epidemiology, disease, and health assessment Ailsa J. Hall, Frances M.D. Gulland, John A. Hammond, and Lori H. Schwacke 7.1 Introduction 144 7.1.1 Exposures and responses 146 7.1.2 Confounding factors 147 7.2 Effects, responses, and diagnostic techniques 148 7.2.1 Measuring disease occurrence 148 7.2.2 Responses, health panels, and disease classification 149 7.2.3 Sample and data collection 152 7.2.4 Disease diagnosis 155 7.3 Epidemiological study designs 158 7.4 Risk assessment 160 Ch8 Measurement of individual and population energetics of marine mammals Sara J. Iverson, Carol E. Sparling, Terrie M. Williams, Shelley L.C. Lang, and W. Don Bowen 8.1 Introduction 165 8.1.1 Definitions 167 8.2 Measurement of metabolism 169 8.2.1 Direct calorimetry 170 8.2.2 Respirometry (measurement of gas exchange) 170 8.2.3 Doubly labelled water (DLW) and isotope dilution 173 8.2.4 Proxies for assessing energy expenditure (EE)—heart rate (fH) and stroking rate (fS) 176 8.2.5 Proxies for assessing energy expenditure (EE)—allometry 178 8.3 Estimating body composition 179 8.3.1 Carcass analysis and the relationship between chemical constituents 179 8.3.2 Total body water (TBW) measurement 180 8.3.3 Ultrasound 181 8.3.4 Bioelectrical impedence analysis (BIA) 182 8.3.5 Novel approaches to estimating body composition 182 8.4 Energy balance analysis 183 8.5 Energetics of lactation 184 8.5.1 Milk composition 185 8.5.2 Milk output and milk energy output 187 8.6 Population energetics 189 Ch9 Diet Dominic J. Tollit, Graham J. Pierce, Keith A. Hobson, W. Don Bowen, and Sara J. Iverson 9.1 Introduction 191 9.2 Collection of gastrointestinal tract contents 194 xii j Contents 9.2.1 Sampling dead animals 194 9.2.2 Lavage 195 9.2.3 Rectal enema and faecal loops 195 9.3 Collection of faeces and regurgitated/discarded prey remains 196 9.4 Sampling bias 197 9.5 Laboratory processing of prey hard structures 198 9.5.1 Prey extraction 198 9.5.2 Prey identification 199 9.5.3 Prey enumeration using minimum number of individuals (MNI) 200 9.5.4 Measurement of prey structures 201 9.6 Quantification of diet composition using GI tract and faecal analyses 203 9.6.1 Accounting for complete digestion of hard part structures 203 9.6.2 Other factors affecting recovery of hard part structures 204 9.6.3 Accounting for partial digestion of hard part structures 204 9.6.4 Prey length and mass reconstruction 205 9.6.5 Quantification methods 206 9.7 Molecular identification of prey remains 208 9.8 Fatty acid (FA) signatures 210 9.8.1 Tissues for analysis 211 9.8.2 Sample storage and chemical analysis 213 9.8.3 Using predator FAs to qualitatively infer diet 214 9.8.4 Using predator and prey FAs to quantitatively estimate diet 214 9.9 Stable isotopes and other markers 216 9.9.1 Tissues for analysis 217 9.9.2 Trophic modelling 218 9.9.3 Source of feeding and marine isoscapes 219 9.9.4 Other elements and compounds 219 9.9.5 Field and laboratory methods and data analysis 219 9.10 Summary 221 Ch 10 Telemetry Bernie McConnell, Mike Fedak, Sascha Hooker, and Toby Patterson 10.1 Introduction 222 10.2 Design considerations 223 10.3 Attachment 224 10.4 Location determination 227 10.5 Sensors 228 10.6 Information relay 230 10.7 Data modelling and compression 234 10.8 Visualization and analysis of individual paths 234 10.8.1 Heuristic approaches to position filtering 236 10.8.2 Statistical approaches to path analysis 237 10.9 Concluding remarks 241 Ch 11 Foraging behaviour Mark A. Hindell, Dan Crocker, Yoshihisa Mori, and Peter Tyack 11.1 Introduction 243 11.2 Observation of foraging 243 11.2.1 Following focal animals 243 11.2.2 Passive acoustic observations 244 11.3 Cameras 245 11.4 Reconstruction of foraging behaviour 246 11.4.1 Time–depth recorders 246 11.4.2 Sampling strategies 249 11.4.3 Interpretation of ‘foraging’ dives 249 11.5 Feeding success 252 11.6 Acoustics and echolocation 254 11.7 Foraging tactics 256 11.7.1 Central place foraging 256 11.7.2 Search tactics and characterizing the prey field 257 11.7.3 Functional response 258 11.8 Foraging models 259 11.8.1 Optimal foraging models 259 11.8.2 Stochastic models 261 Ch12 Studying marine mammal social systems Hal Whitehead and Sofie Van Parijs 12.1 Introduction 263 12.1.1 The definition of social structure 263 12.1.2 How do we study social structure? 263 12.1.3 Styles of studying social structure 265 12.2 Field research 265 12.2.1 Identifying individuals 265 12.2.2 Collecting interaction, association, and group data 266 12.2.3 Collecting social data without observing animals 268 12.3 Relationship measures 269 12.3.1 Interaction rates 269 12.3.2 Association indices 269 12.3.3 Temporal measures 270 12.3.4 Matrices of relationship measures 270 12.4 Describing and modelling social structure 271 12.4.1 Visual displays 271 12.4.2 Testing for preferred/avoided companions 273 12.4.3 Network analyses 274 12.4.4 Lagged association rates 276 12.4.5 Describing mating systems 277 12.4.6 Other methods of social analysis 277 12.4.7 Useful software 278 12.5 Broader issues 278 12.5.1 Evolutionary forces behind marine mammal social structures 278 12.5.2 How can we study culture in marine mammals? 279 12.6 Acknowledgements 280 Ch13 Long-term studies W. Don Bowen, Jason D. Baker, Don Siniff, Ian L. Boyd, Randall Wells, John K.B. Ford, Scott D. Kraus, James A. Estes, and Ian Stirling 13.1 Introduction 283 13.2 Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) W. Don Bowen 284 13.2.1 Motivation 284 13.2.2 Nesting of short-term objectives within long-term objectives and change in focus through time 285 13.2.3 Standardization of methods and effects of changing technology and techniques 285 13.2.4 Challenges 286 13.3 Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) Jason D. Baker 286 13.3.1 Motivation 286 13.3.2 Nesting of short-term objectives within long-term objectives and change in focus through time 286 13.3.3 Standardization of methods and effects of changing technology and techniques 287 13.3.4 Challenges 287 13.4 Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) Don Siniff 288 13.4.1 Motivation 288 13.4.2 Nesting of short-term objectives within long-term objectives and change in focus through time 289 13.4.3 Standardization of methods and effects of changing technology and techniques 290 13.4.4 Challenges 290 13.5 Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) Ian L. Boyd 290 13.5.1 Motivation 290 13.5.2 Nesting of short-term objectives within long-term objectives and change in focus through time 291 13.5.3 Standardization of methods and effects of changing technology and techniques 292 13.6 Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) Randall Wells 292 13.6.1 Motivation 292 13.6.2 Nesting of short-term objectives within long-term objectives and change in focus through time 293 Contents j xv 13.6.3 Standardization of methods and effects of changing technology and techniques 294 13.6.4 Challenges 294 13.7 Killer whale (Orcinus orca) John K.B. Ford 295 13.7.1 Motivation 295 13.7.2 Nesting of short-term objectives within long-term objectives and change in focus through time 295 13.7.3 Standardization of methods and effects of changing technology and techniques 296 13.7.4 Challenges 296 13.8 North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) Scott D. Kraus 297 13.8.1 Motivation 297 13.8.2 Advances in methods and changing objectives through time 298 13.8.3 Challenges 299 13.9 Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) and kelp forests James A. Estes 299 13.9.1 Motivation 299 13.9.2 Approaches 299 13.9.3 Methods 300 13.9.4 Rewards 301 13.9.5 Challenges 301 13.9.6 Serendipity 301 13.10 Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) Ian Stirling 302 13.10.1 Motivation 302 13.10.2 Standardization of methods and sampling 303 13.10.3 Two long-term approaches 303 13.10.4 Challenges 305 13.11 Conclusions 305 Ch14 Identifying units to conserve using genetic data Barbara L. Taylor, Karen Martien, and Phillip Morin 14.1 The biology of structure and the role of genetics 306 14.2 Scale—units to conserve 308 14.2.1 Taxonomy 308 14.2.2 Evolutionary significance 309 14.2.3 Demographically independent populations (DIPs) 309 14.3 Genetic markers 312 14.3.1 Mitochondrial DNA sequencing (mtDNA) 313 14.3.2 Microsatellites 314 14.3.3 Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) 315 14.3.4 Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) 315 14.3.5 Nuclear locus sequencing 316 14.4 Analytical methods 317 14.4.1 Choosing methods to match questions 317 14.4.2 Assessing the strength of inference 320 Ch15 Approaches to management John Harwood 15.1 Introduction 325 15.2 Sustainable use and the importance of economic factors 326 15.3 A brief history of marine mammal exploitation 328 15.4 Lessons from whaling and sealing 330 15.4.1 The International Whaling Commission 330 15.4.2 Northern fur seals 332 15.4.3 Harp seals 332 15.5 Ecotourism 333 15.6 Obtaining indirect benefits from the management of marine mammals 334 15.7 Defining and achieving the objectives of management 334 15.8 The future of management 338 Ch16 Conservation biology Andrew J. Read 16.1 Introduction 340 16.2 What is conservation biology? 341 16.3 The road map 342 16.4 Which populations are at risk? 343 16.5 Quantitative assessment of extinction threat 349 16.6 Experimentation 350 16.7 Direct intervention 352 16.8 Fisheries by-catch 353 16.9 Case study: by-catch of harbour porpoises in the Gulf of Maine 355 16.10 Future directions 358 16.11 Conclusions 359 References 360 Index 433 -- Professor Ian L Boyd BSc PhD DSc FRSE Director, Scottish Oceans Institute and NERC Sea Mammal Research Unit University of St Andrews East Sands St Andrews KY16 8LB UK Phone 44-(0)1334-463628 The University of St Andrews is a charity registered in Scotland : No SC013532

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