Dear colleagues, We are excited to share our new publication in Endangered Species Research: False Killer Whales and Fisheries in Hawaiian Waters: Evidence from Mouthline and Dorsal Fin Injuries Reveal Ongoing and Repeated Interactions. Abstracts are included below in both English and ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi. The paper is open access, and available at https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/esr/v55/p273-293/ Citation: Harnish, A.E., R.W. Baird, S.D. Mahaffy, A.B. Douglas, M.A. Kratofil, J.F. Shaff, T. Cullins, S.H. Stack, J.J. Currie, and A.L. Bradford. 2024. False Killer Whales and Fisheries in Hawaiian Waters: Evidence from Mouthline and Dorsal Fin Injuries Reveal Ongoing and Repeated Interactions. Endangered Species Research 55: 273-293. doi: 10.3354/esr01374 Abstract: Monitoring bycatch in fisheries is essential for effective conservation and fisheries sustainability. False killer whales Pseudorca crassidens in Hawaiian waters are known to interact with both commercial and recreational fisheries, but limited observer coverage across Hawaiian fisheries obscures the ability to assess bycatch. We build upon previous work and assess occurrence of fisheries interactions through photographic evidence of dorsal fin and mouthline injuries for 3 false killer whale populations in Hawai‘i. Photographs of injuries on dorsal fins and mouthlines collected between 1999–2021 were scored for consistency with fishery interactions (“not consistent”, “possibly consistent”, “consistent”). For individuals with both dorsal fin and mouthline photos available, the endangered main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) population had the highest rates of injuries consistent with fisheries interactions (28.7% of individuals), followed by the pelagic stock (11.7%), while no individuals from the northwestern Hawaiian Islands population with both types of photos had fisheries-related injuries. Some individuals from the MHI population were documented with multiple fisheries-related injuries acquired on different occasions, indicating repeated interactions with fisheries. Individuals first began acquiring injuries consistent with fishery interactions at an estimated age of 2 yr. Females were more likely to have fisheries-related dorsal fin injuries than males, but rates of fisheries-related mouthline injuries were similar between the sexes. Injuries consistent with fisheries interactions were acquired throughout the study period, indicating that this is an ongoing issue, not a legacy of past fishery interactions. Our results suggest that efforts to reduce bycatch and begin monitoring of fisheries that overlap the range of the endangered MHI population are needed. ‘Ōlelo Hawai‘i: He kūpono nō ka maka‘ala ‘ana aku i nā i‘a hopu ‘ia ma ka ulia i mea e kūle‘a ai ka maluō a me ka paepae ‘ane aku i nā kai lawai‘a. ‘Ike ‘ia ka Pseudorca crassidens ma ke kai o Hawai‘i ma ko lākou launa ‘ana ma nā kai lawai‘a kālepa me nā kai lawai‘a le‘ale‘a pū kekahi. ‘O ka noi‘i i hana mua ‘ia ke kahua no mākou a kālailai mākou i ka nui o nā hanana kai lawai‘a ma o nā ki‘i o nā ‘eha ma ke kualā a me ka waha no nā pū‘uo ‘ekolu o ka P. crassidens ma Hawai‘i. Ana a ho‘ohālikelike ‘ia nā ki‘i o nā ‘eha kualā me nā ‘eha waha i ‘ohi ‘ia ma nā makahiki 1999–2021 no ka like me ka nui o nā hanana kai lawai‘a (‘‘a‘ole like’, ‘like paha’, ‘like nō’). No nā mea me nā ki‘i o nā ‘eha ‘elua ma ke kualā a me ka waha, ‘o ka pū‘uo o ka Pae‘āina Hawai‘i Nui (MHI) ka mea i nui kona pākēneka o nā ‘eha i kū i nā hanana kai lawai‘a (28.7% o nā mea), a ma hope maila ka pū‘uo kūwaho (11.7%), a ‘a‘ohe mea o ka pū‘uo Pae‘āina Hawai‘i Noweke, me nā ‘ano ki‘i ‘elua, i loa‘a i nā ‘eha hanana kai lawai‘a. Pa‘i ki‘i ‘ia kekahi mau mea o ka pū‘uo MHI me kekahi mau ‘eha hanana kai lawai‘a i loa‘a ma nā wā ‘oko‘a, he hō‘ailona ia o nā hanana kai lawai‘a he nui. Loa‘a mua paha ia mau ‘eha hanana kai lawai‘a ma ka piha ‘ana a‘e o nā makahiki he ‘elua iā lākou. ‘Oi aku ka nui o ka papaha e loa‘a nā ‘eha kualā o ka hanana kai lawai‘a i nā wāhine ma mua o nā kāne, like na‘e ka papaha o nā ‘eha waha o ka hanana kai lawai‘a i nā keka ‘elua. Ma ka wā o ke kālailai, ua ‘ano ma‘a mau nā ‘eha hanana kai lawai‘a i loa‘a a he hō‘ailona nui ia i ke kūmau o kēia pilikia, ‘a‘ole ia he ho‘oilina o nā hanana kai lawai‘a o ke au i hala. Hō‘ike mai kā mākou mau hua kālailai i ka pono e ho‘ēmi i nā hopua ulia a e ho‘omaka i ka maka‘ala i nā kai lawai‘a e kaulapa i ke anapuni o ka pū‘uo ‘ane halapohe MHI. Best, Annette Harnish aharnish@cascadiaresearch.org Research Biologist Cascadia Research Collective www.cascadiaresearch.org