Dear MARMAM readers, The following paper has recently been published in PLoS ONE: Bilgmann K, Moller LM, Harcourt RG, Kemper CM, Beheregaray LB (2011) The Use of Carcasses for the Analysis of Cetacean Population Genetic Structure: A Comparative Study in Two Dolphin Species. PLoS ONE 6(5): e20103. doi:10.1371/journal.pone0020103 Abstract: Advances in molecular techniques have enabled the study of genetic diversity and population structure in many different contexts. Studies that assess the genetic structure of cetacean populations often use biopsy samples from free-ranging individuals and tissue samples from stranded animals or individuals that became entangled in fishery or aquaculture equipment. This leads to the question of how representative the location of a stranded or entangled animal is with respect to its natural range, and whether similar results would be obtained when comparing carcass samples with samples from free-ranging individuals in studies of population structure. Here we use tissue samples from carcasses of dolphins that stranded or died as a result of bycatch in South Australia to investigate spatial population structure in two species: coastal bottlenose (*Tursiops* sp.) and short-beaked common dolphins (*Delphinus delphis*). We compare these results with those previously obtained from biopsy sampled free-ranging dolphins in the same area to test whether carcass samples yield similar patterns of genetic variability and population structure. Data from dolphin carcasses were gathered using seven microsatellite markers and a fragment of the mitochondrial DNA control region. Analyses based on carcass samples alone failed to detect genetic structure in *Tursiops* sp., a species previously shown to exhibit restricted dispersal and moderate genetic differentiation across a small spatial scale in this region. However, genetic structure was correctly inferred in *D. delphis*, a species previously shown to have reduced genetic structure over a similar geographic area. We propose that in the absence of corroborating data, and when population structure is assessed over relatively small spatial scales, the sole use of carcasses may lead to an underestimate of genetic differentiation. This can lead to a failure in identifying management units for conservation. Therefore, this risk should be carefully assessed when planning population genetic studies of cetaceans. The paper can be downloaded from http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0020103 or you can request a copy by emailing kerstin.bilgmann@mq.edu.au. Kind regards, Kerstin -- Dr Kerstin Bilgmann Postdoctoral Research Fellow School of Biological Sciences Flinders University GPO Box 2100 Adelaide SA 5001 Australia & Honorary Associate Marine Mammal Research Group Graduate School of the Environment Macquarie University Email: kerstin.bilgmann@mq.edu.au Ph: +61 (0) 409134460 Fax: +61 (0) 08 8201 3015